Pratibha Dutta

B.ed, Sec: E Roll no.: 184

The Comma /,/

The comma is used to avoid confusion.

Uses of Comma The comma is used when we want to indicate a pause. For example:
As the stalemate continues. The house was adjourned.

comma is used for words, phrases and clauses in a series. For example: 1. Rita, Sheila and Sanjay went to school. 2. Gandhiji, the father of the nation, died on 30th January, 1948.

The Semicolon /;/

The semicolon is used to stress the close relationship between one sentence and another.

The example of Semicolon:

The challenge of facing a large audience; the fresh extemporing without which a lecture is dead; the tension and timing as the talk nears the horror, and the unexpected conclusion- thats why every professional speaker comes.

The Colon /:/ The colon is used to show that something is to follow. The colon is made with two periods.

Examples of Colon:
Mr.

Bush said: Please give me the following: 1.One notebook. 2.Two ball-point pen.

Quotation Mark // each of a set of punctuation marks, single ( ) or double ( ), used either to mark the beginning and end of a title or quoted passage, or to indicate that a word or phrase is regarded as slang or jargon or is being discussed rather than used within the sentence.

There must be quotation marks before and after the words actually spoken. For example: He said, "I'm a good boy. If we want to draw special attention to a remark or observation, we use quotation marks. For example: I am rich, if you consider five rupees great wealth, he said.

The Dash /-/

The dash is used to make an abrupt break or to indicate an unfinished statement.

The

dash is use to set off a long summary. For example: Honesty, dedication, hard work-these are the qualities lacking in leaders today.

We

use the dash to set off parenthetical expressions. For example: I got up - feverish and tense to go to school.

Parenthesis /()/ Parenthesis is used to set off supplementary matter.

 We

use parenthesis to enclose figures or letters in a text to indicate the order of enumeration.

For example: The subjects are: (a) English (b) Maths (c) Science

The Apostrophe /a/

* The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive case. * If a singular noun ends with an s or z sound, add the apostrophe after the final s. We can also put an apostrophe and add another s.

For example:
* Mr.

Biswas pen.

* Mughal emperor Shah Jahans painting.

Uses of apostrophe: In compound constructions, we put the apostrophe in the last word only.
For example:

My sister-in-laws saree.

The Hyphen /-/

The hyphen is used in compound words, but not always.
For example: Night-watchman

It is used to differentiate words which have the same spelling, but different meaning.
For example: Recover/Re-cover.