TYPES OF INFORMATION

FACT OPINION INFERENCE

Rafaela Cruz

EVO MORALES PLANE DIVERSION TO AUSTRIA

FACTS

Bolivias President Evo Morales Plane was diverted to Austria after being prohibited to fly over France and Spain The United States supported claims that the president was in the company of Edward Snowden.

OPINIONS

It is an absurd and an offense to Bolivian sovereignty It was a sad reminiscent of the European imperialism in South America It was completely understandable since Evo Morales has always been in accordance to suspicious people such as Hugo Chavez and Edward Snowden

South American states angered at diversion of Morales flight

Bolivia seeks explanation after plane rerouted amid concerns it carried US whistleblower

Bolivian authorities said they were denied landing space because of unfounded speculation that the former US spy contractor was on board. Bolivias president left Europe for home amid diplomatic drama, a day after his flight was rerouted and delayed in Austria amid suggestions he was trying to spirit Mr Snowden away. Bolivia demanded an explanation from various European countries it accused of thwarting President Evo Moraless flight. French officials denied they refused to let the plane cross their airspace amid suspicions that Mr Snowden was aboard. Spain, too, said the plane had been free to cross its territory. Low on fuel, the plane carrying Morales home from Moscow was rerouted to Austria last night, in a new twist to the international uproar over Mr Snowden and the widespread US surveillance that he revealed. It took off again from Vienna today. Bolivian and Austrian officials both say Mr Snowden was not on the plane. It began as a seemingly offhand remark by Mr Morales, who suggested during a visit to Moscow that he might be happy to host Mr Snowden. It escalated into a major diplomatic scramble in which the Bolivian presidents plane was rerouted yesterday, apparently because of suspicions that Mr Snowden was aboard. Mr Snowden is believed to be in a Moscow airport transit area, seeking asylum from one of more than a dozen countries. Bolivias ambassador to the United Nations continued to insist that several European countries had refused permission for the plane to fly in their airspace. Sacha Llorenti said it was an act of aggression and that France, Portugal, Spain and Italy violated international law. He said the orders came from the United States but other nations violated the immunity of the president and his plane, putt ing his life at risk. Bolivia said that France, Portugal and Italy blocked the plane from flying over their territories based on unfounded rumours that Mr Snowden was on board. Bolivia said Spain agreed to allow the plane to refuel in the Canary Islands but only if Bolivian authorities agreed to allow it to be inspected. Spains foreign ministry said it authorised the plane to fly within its airspace and to make the Canary Islands refuelling st op and gave the authorisation again after Bolivian authorities repeated the request. Austria said that the aircrafts pilot asked controllers at Vienna airport to land because there was no clear indication th at the plane had enough fuel to continue on its journey. We dont know who invented this lie that Mr Snowden was travelling with Morales, Bolivian Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca said. We want to denounce to the international community this injustice with the plane of president Evo Morales. Bolivian vice president Alvaro Garcia described Mr Morales as being kidnapped by imperialism in Europe.
Font: http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/south-american-states-angered-at-diversion-of-morales-flight-1.1451275

Facts

Deal with pieces of information that one has heard, seen or read, and which are open to discovery or verification. The key word here is verification. A fact is a statement that can be verified, Facts are statements that may involve numbers, natural phenomena, dates etc. The characteristics of the statements classified as facts are: Made after observation or experience. An event cannot become a fact unless it has occurred. Confined to what one observes; cannot be made about the future. Limited number possible. Not perception dependent. A fact will be agreed to by every person. It does not change from person to person. Tends to bring people together in agreement.

FACTS

Can the fact be verified by direct observation? Can the facts be trusted? How did the author come to the facts? Does the author have the skill and experience to make such a statement? Are the facts presented in an objective manner? (any bias evident or suspected?) Can the study which generates the facts be duplicated? Have unfavorable or negative points been left out? (are there counter-studies?)

Fact Marks

1)The legislature is advocating vigorously against intrusion of judiciary in parliamentary affairs. 2)A football field is 100 yards long. 3) The plane carrying Morales home from Moscow was rerouted to Austria last night. 4) Bolivian Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca said. We want to denounce to the international community this injustice with the plane of president Evo Morales.

Opinion

Expresses an evaluation based on a PERSONAL JUDGEMENT or belief which may or may not be verifiable.

Opinion Marks

Does the author use words that interpret or label, such as: pretty, ugly, safe, dangerous, evil, attractive, well-dressed, good, and so on? Are there words that clue you to statements of opinion, such as: probably, perhaps, usually, often, sometimes, on occasion, I believe, I think, in my opinion, I feel, I suggest?

Bolivias president left Europe for home amid diplomatic drama. 2) It escalated into a major diplomatic scramble in which the Bolivian presidents plane was rerouted yesterday, apparently because of suspicions that Mr Snowden was aboard.
1)
3)

Bolivian vice president Alvaro Garcia described Mr Morales as being kidnapped by imperialism in Europe

Objective x Subjective

According to most definitions, something is a fact if it matches objective reality. For something to be objective, it must be outside of the mind and not be based on feelings or biases. This is the opposite of an opinion, which is what an individual thinks or feels about a subject. Although the differences between facts and opinions usually rest on whether they are objective or subjective, a true statement can in some cases be subjective. If a person says he is feeling sad, for example, that is a subjective fact about his emotional state it is subjective because it is only that person's individual experience. On the other hand, if the first person tells the second person that the second person feels sad, this statement is an opinion or guess, regardless of whether it is true.

Fact x Theory

In scientific reasoning, something can only be called a fact when it can be observed as it occurs or as a state of being, or when it can be proven through experimentation. Experiments must be repeatable, and return the same result no matter who the observer is. Things that were once thought of as facts, however, have been shown to be incorrect. For example, the world was once thought to be flat by many people. This is now known to be incorrect, as objective evidence was introduced showing that it is actually a flattened sphere. Many things that people think of as science facts are, technically, theories. Gravity, for example, is a fact; the explanation of how gravity works, on the other hand, is a theory and there are several different theories on how it actually does work. This does not mean that a theory is only speculation. Scientific theories are thoroughly tested and applied to known facts, observations, and hypotheses, and to survive, a theory must explain a wide range of observations that would be otherwise unconnected.

Opinion x Persuasion

Sometimes, statements are used to mislead a person, whether deliberate or not. A person might use opinionated language to persuade others to his point of view; for example, an advertisement might proclaim that one brand is "the best in the world," despite the lack of concrete evidence to support this claim. When considering whether a statement might be true or not, a person should consider the source of the information as well as the evidence supporting it.

Fact x Opinion x Ideology

What is Ideology?

For Althusser: The representaion of the subjects imaginary relationship to his or her real conditions of existence. Those "Real conditions of existence" remain, by definition, outside of language. History therefore functions for Frederick Jameson as an "absent cause," insofar as, in its totality, it remains inexpressible; however, it nonetheless does exist as that which drives real antagonisms in the present (for example, between social classes). We may not be able to get out of ideological contradiction altogether; however, Jameson asserts the importance of attempting, nonetheless, to acknowledge the real antagonisms that are, in fact, driving our fantasy constructions. (JAMESON, 1991)

The Media Activism of Latin Americas Leftist Governments: Does Ideology Matter?

Abstract Has Latin Americas left turn mattered in media politics? Does ideology impact governments practices and policies regarding media and journalistic institutions? Through an empirical assessment of discourses on the media, of direct-communication practices, and of media regulation policies on the part of the recent leftist governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay, and Venezuela, this paper stresses the existence of a specific media activism on the part of leftist governments in Latin America. While showing that the current binary distinctions that stress the existence of two leftspopulist and nonpopulistobscure important commonalities and continuities, the author also demonstrates that it is the existence of certain institutional and structural constraints that best accounts for the differ-ences among the various leftist governments in Latin America. In sum, the paper challenges the prevailing neglect of ideology as a relevant factor in explaining developments in gov-ernmentmedia relationships in the region. Philip Kitizberger Giga Working Papers. No 151

What can be infered about the author of the text? What can be infered about the Genre of the text? Can we infer who are the populists and non populist the texts talks about?

Inferences

Are conclusions drawn about the unknown, on the basis of the known. Notice the three words conclusions, known and unknown very carefully. They will give you complete description of what an inference consists ofKnown- A fact. The first thing an inference should consist of is a fact. This fact is required to prove another proposition. Unknown- Something which can be logically proven by the given fact or the known. Therefore, in an inference an unknown proposition is present which is to be proven with the help of the fact. Remember that this proposition has to be proven with the help of another fact. Conclusion- Once the unknown has been proved with the help of the known (fact) it is called a conclusion.

Evidence

To infer is to reach a conclusion based o evidence. Evidence x Fact To say John might be a thief, for the new car he bought is too expensive and there is no way he could afford it with his official income is to make a inference. There are inferences that are extremely likely and inferences that are extremely unlikely

REFERNCIAS

JAMENSON, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke UP, 1991. KOCH, Igdore. Desvendando os segredos do texto. So Paulo: Cortez,2006. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/southamerican-states-angered-at-diversion-of-moralesflight-1.1451275 http://www.gigahamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/wp151_kitz berger.pdf