CHAPTER-8

SEPERATION OF SOLIDLIQUID SYSTEM (FILTRATION)

RAKESH.N Lecturer Chemical Engineering Section

Motion of solid particle through Liquid

Whenever a particle is moving through a fluid, a number of forces will be acting on the particle. First, a density difference is needed between the particle and the fluid. An external force of gravity is needed to impart motion to the particle. If the densities of the fluid and particle are equal, the buoyant force on the particle will counterbalance the external force and the particle will not move relative to the fluid.

Mechanics of particle motion

Three forces acting on a particle moving through a fluid: 1. The external force, gravitational force (acting downwards). 2. The buoyant force, which acts parallel with the external force but in the opposite direction (acting upward). 3. The drag force, which appears when ever there is relative motion between the particle and the fluid (opposite direction to the particle motion). Drag: the force in the direction of flow exerted by the fluid on the solid is called drag.

Equations for one-dimensional motion of particle through fluid

Consider a particle of mass m falling at a velocity u relative to the fluid. The density of the solid particle is p and that of liquid is . The buoyant force is, be Archimedes law, the product of the mass of the fluid displaced by the particle and the acceleration from the external force. The volume of the particle m/ p is , the mass of fluid displaced is (m/ p) .

The buoyant force Fb on the particle is Fb=m g/ p The gravitational or external force Fg on the particle is Fg=mg

The drag force FD on a body may be derived from the fact that, like in flow of fluids, the drag force or frictional resistance is proportional to the velocity head u2/2 of the fluid displaced by the moving body. This must be multiplied by the density of the fluid and by a significant area A, such as projected area of particle.

The terminal velocity of a falling object is the velocity of the object when the sum of the drag force (Fd) and buoyancy equals the downward force of gravity (FG) acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has zero acceleration

Terminal settling /Falling velocity

The particle will accelerate under the influence of gravity. As it accelerates the fluid offers grater and grater frictional resistance. A time will be reacted when the buoyant force is exactly equal to the force of gravity. The acceleration will become zero, and the particle will settle at a definite constant velocity from this time on. This velocity is called the terminal settling velocity (ut).

FD= (CDu2A)/2 The resultant force on the body is then Fg-Fb-FD . The resultant must equal the force due to acceleration. M(du/dt) = Fg-Fb-FD

By substituting the above forces in the equation it becomes as (du/dt) = g((p-)/p)- (CDu2A/2m) To solve for the terminal settling velocity in above equation (du/dt) =0 Then the equation becomes as

Ut= (2g((p-)m/(ApCD)

For spherical particle m=Dp3 p/6 and A= Dp2/4 , Substituting these values into the above equation We obtain for spherical particle Ut= (4g((p-)Dp/(3CD)

Drag coefficient

Drag coefficient is a function of Reynolds number. The drag curve applies only under restricted conditions: i). The particle must be a solid sphere; ii). The particle must be far from other particles and the vessel wall so that the flow pattern around the particle is not distorted; iii). It must be moving at its terminal velocity with respect to the fluid.

In the laminar flow region, called the stokes law region for NRe <1. Particle Reynolds number: NRep= Dp u / Where u the velocity of is approaching stream, D p is the diameter of the particle, is the density of the fluid and is the viscosity of the fluid. Stokes law applies for particle Reynolds number less than 1.0.

CD= 24/NRe =24/ (Dp u / ) Substituting in the terminal velocity equation for laminar flow : Ut= gDp2(p- )/18 .

Stokes law

Depending upon the specific gravity of the solid and viscosity of the fluid, fine particles settle at a velocity proportional to the square of the particle size, proportional to the specific gravity of the settle particle and inversely proportional to the viscosity.

In the turbulent Newtons law region above a Reynolds number of about 1000 to 2.0X105 , the drag coefficient is approximately constant at CD=0.44.

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