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2/4/2008
Types
Spatial Adjustment (Transformation) of Vector data
Via Spatial Adjustment toolbar
See ESRI ArcGIS 9: Editing in ArcMap, Chapter 8, Spatial Adjustment
Repositioning of a source vector layer to correspond with a correctly positioning target layer (which may be vector or raster)
Via Homogeneous transformations (overlay)
Can select among Affine, Similarity, or Projective transforms
Displacement links
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Warnings: --be sure that the coordinate system of the data frame has been defined before you start --always insert a new data frame or open a new map document for each layer you wish to transform --start a new map document if you wish to use the transformed layer in a layout
2/4/2008 Briggs Applied GIS UT-Dallas
displacement links define the source and destination coordinates for the adjustment. Links are represented as arrows with the arrowhead pointing towards the destination location. They are stored in the displacement links table (click to open) Displacement links can be created: Interactively one at a time using the displacement link tool
Must click source (file to be moved) first, then destination Can adjust an existing link with the modify link tool Can lock a location so it does not move using identity link tool Can limit adjustment to a specific area
By reading in a link file (tab delimited text format) containing two sets of X,Y coordinates (four columns) for source and destination (may also contain an initial column with Ids, for a total of five columns)
Created in Excel or other editing program Saved from the displacement links table in a previous adjustment session
By reading in a control file (tab delimited text format) containing one set of X,Y coordinates (two columns) of control points for destinations
Derived from GPS for example
Scales, skews, rotates, and translates 6 unknowns( A,B,C,D,E,F) so a minimum of three displacement links required
Usually estimated via statistical techniques which minimize RMSE this requires four links minimum but more usually used to average the error Little benefit from more than 18-30 links
A = s cos t B = s sin t C = translation in x direction F = translation in y direction and: s = scale change (same in x and y directions) t = rotation angle, measured counterclockwise from the x-axis
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Scales, rotates, and translates the data Does not independently scale the axes, nor introduce any skew. It maintains the aspect ratio of the features transformed (e.g. squares remain squares) Four unknowns (A,B,C,F) thus requires a minimum of two displacement links 7
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Rubbersheeting corrects flaws through the geometric adjustment of coordinates through a differential transformation The source layer is adjusted to the more accurate target layer.
Target layer (accurate)
surface is literally stretched, moving features using a piecewise transformation that preserves straight lines. Two types of processing: Natural Neighbor and Linear
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Edge Matching
aligns features along the edge of one layer to features of an adjoining layer. The layer with the less accurate features is adjusted, while the adjoining layer is used as the control.
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you can specify which attributes to transfer between layers, then interactively choose the source and target features. Typically, Rubbersheeting is used first to align the layers spatially then Attribute Transfer is used to transfer the attributes
In practice, Ive often found it easier to do it in the reverse order! if layers too close, difficult to establish the link necessary for the attribute transfer.
Attribute transfer tool is not as useful as might appear because its feature by feature
only really helps if have multiple attributes to transfer An alternative is to do a Rubbersheeting first, the use a Spatial Join to accomplish a batch transfer for multiple features simultaneously
2/4/2008 Briggs Applied GIS UT-Dallas
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Georeferencing
Used for positioning rasters and vector CAD data in ArcGIS 9.2
Yes, this is an odd couple CAD is a vector data set type!
Open Links table Create control point links (displacement links) Use to start all over again
Use to help Fit image to display
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requires a minimum of 3 displacement links, but should have more even though 3 gives RMSE=0! is a homogeneous transformation: only shifts origin, scales and rotates straight lines will be preserved
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Polynomials are global transformations which strive to achieve a best fit globally or overall. Only 1st order with exactly 3 points will exactly match control points.
2/4/2008 Briggs Applied GIS UT-Dallas
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RMSE (root mean square error) can be used to assess goodness of fit to control points but this does not measure the non-control point distortion
rmse = e12 + e22 + e32 +...+ en2 n-1 where ei is the distance between the source control point i after transformation and the target control point i
Rectify
Rewrites image file Use if need to do spatial analysis on file, in which case choose GRID as output type Can save output as JP2, JPG, GIF, GRID, ERDAS IMAGINE, TIFF or BMP
New square output cells created, so issue arises how the raster values are assigned from input to output cells since the source will have been warped
Nearest neighbor takes the value from the cell closest to the transformed cell. Its the fastest. Should always be used for categorical data since it preserves original values (a 3 will never become 3.25). Bilinear interpolation takes average of values for four nearest cells in the untransformed data weighted by distance to the transformed cell location. Use only for continuous data such as elevation, slope.
Bilinear smooths data like a low pass filter.
Cubic convolution takes average of values for 16 nearest cells in the untransformed data weighted by distance to the transformed cell location. Again, use only for continuous data. Commonly used for photographs and similar data.
Cubic tends to sharpen data like a high pass filter.
World File for Raster data --not the same as for CAD --contains affine equation parameters
Equation for Affine transformation x1 = Ax + By + C y1 = Dx + Ey + F World file for raster data Parameters
-A - D -B -E -C -F
1.60000002384186 0.00000000000000 0.00000000000000 -1.60000002384186 2496000.75 7049998.50 (for UTD image: 24967042.jgw)
The y-scale (E) is negative because the origin of an image is located in the upper left corner, whereas the origin of the map coordinate system is located in the lower left corner. Row values in the image increase from the origin downward, while y-coordinate values in the map increase from the origin upward. ( See ArcHelp)
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Only requires translation of origin, and homogeneous scale change (same change on both X and Y axes) Equivalent to a similarity transformation which is conformal and preserves all local angles Based on identifying only two common points
Thus, transformation is solved mathematically rather than statistically Thus assumes there is no error in the data
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XCAD Source YCAD Source XREAL Map YREAL Map 240.000000, 750.500000 2505108.552674, 7046646.373472 4134.000000, 2550.000000 2505523.148640, 7046837.967062
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XCAD Source YCAD Source XREAL Map YREAL Map 240.000000, 750.500000 2505108.552674, 7046646.373472 4134.000000, 2550.000000 2505523.148640, 7046837.967062
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