RESISTING THE FLOW OF CURRENT Resistance and Resistivity

RESISTANCE

The resistance of a resistor is determined by several physical properties of the resistor. We're going to limit ourselves to 4 a) the length of the conductor. b) the cross-sectional area of the conductor. c) the type of material. d) the temperature of the material.

RESISTANCE

Resistance, R, is directly proportional to length, L, of a conductor,

Thus, for example, if the length of a piece of wire is doubled, then the resistance is doubled. Resistance, R, is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area, A, of a conductor,

Thus, for example, if the cross-sectional area of a piece of wire is doubled then the resistance is halved.

Since

By inserting a constant of proportionality into this relationship the type of material used may be taken into account. The constant of proportionality is known as the resistivity

RESISTIVITY

And by adding the factor for the type of material used may be taken into account. The constant of proportionality is known as the resistivity of the material and is given the symbol P

RESISTIVITY
Resistivity varies with temperature and some typical values of resistivity's measured at about room temperature are given below: Copper 1.7 10-8 m (or 0.017 m) Aluminium 2.6 10-8 m (or 0.026 m) Carbon (graphite) 10 10-8 m (or 0.10 m) Glass 1 10-10 m (or 104 m) Mica 1 10-13 m (or 107 m)

QUESTION
Problem 1. The resistance of a 5 m length of wire is 600 .Determine (a) the resistance of an 8 m length of the same wire. (b) the length of the same wire when the resistance is 420.

SOLUTION Q1

QUESTION 2
A piece of wire of cross-sectional area 2 mm2 has a resistance of 300 . Find a) The resistance of a wire of the same length and material if the cross-sectional area is 5 mm2. b) The cross-sectional area of a wire of the same length and material of resistance 750.

SOLUTION Q2

QUESTION 3

A wire of length 8 m and cross-sectional area 3 mm2 has a resistance of 0.16 . If the wire is drawn out until its crosssectional area is 1 mm2, determine the resistance of the wire.

SOLUTION Q3

QUESTION 4

Determine the resistance of 1200 m of copper cable having a diameter of 12 mm if the resistivity of copper is 1.7 108 m

SOLUTION Q4

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

The temperature coefficient of resistance of a material is the increase in the resistance of a 1 resistor of that material when it is subjected to a rise of temperature of 1C. The symbol used for the temperature coefficient of resistance is (Greek alpha). Some typical values of temperature coefficient of resistance measured at 0C are given below: Copper 0.0043/C Aluminium 0.0038/C Nickel 0.0062/C Carbon 0.000 48/C Constantan 0 Eureka 0.000 01/C

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE

If

the resistance of a material at 0C is known the resistance at any other temperature can be determined from:

QUESTION 5

A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100 when its temperature is 0C. Determine its resistance at 70C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of copper at 0C is 0.0043/C

SOLUTION Q5

QUESTION 6

An aluminium cable has a resistance of 27 at a temperature of 35C. Determine its resistance at 0C. Take the temperature coefficient of resistance at 0C to be 0.0038/C

SOLUTION Q6

THE USEFULNESS OF RESISTOR

Limiting current
resistor

LED

The resistor limit the current to the LED to prevent burnout. To much current can destroy sensitive electronic components.

REDUCING AND CONTROLLING VOLTAGE

Resistor are also used to reduce the voltage supplied to different parts of a circuit. It can reduces a 9volt power supply to 5volt or other rating to power particular integrated circuit. Further discuses in parallel and series connection

+ 9volt

Resistor 1 (12k)

V out
Resistor 2 (15k)

FIX AND VARIABLE RESISTOR

1.

2.

A fix resistor supplies a constant factory determined resistance, in actual resistance of any given resistor may vary from it stated nominal value by some percentage, known as resistor tolerance. High precision resistors just have around 1% of resistor tolerance. Standard precision resistor can vary from 2% to 20% of nominal values. Marking on the resistor package will tell us its resistance rating and tolerance value.

VARIABLE RESISTANCE
A variable resistor, either potentiometer(pot) or rheostat, allow user to continually adjust the resistance value from almost zero to the max factory value able. What the different between potentiometer(pot) and rheostat ?. Rheostat is a two terminal devices, while a pot is a three terminal with leads connected to the wiper and at both end of the resistance trck.

FIX RESISTOR COLOR CODE

READING THE COLOUR CODE

The first band gives the first digit The second band gives the second digit The third band gives the multiplier as number of zeros, except when it gold or silver. If it gold or silver the third band is multiply by 0.1(gold) or 0.01(silver).

potentiometer

RATING RESISTORS ACCORDING TO POWER

When electrons pass/flow through something with resistance they generate heat. In electronic component such as resistors, can stand only so much heat (depending on size and type). Heat is a form of power to prevent damages we use power rating of an electronic component to give us how much power in watt a component can handle.

The equation is known as joules law: P=VI

RATING RESISTORS ACCORDING TO POWER

P=VI

P = power V = volts I = current in amps

For most electronic project, a watt 1/8 or watt are just fine and high-wattage are for high-load applications

COMBINING RESISTORS
Resistor dont come in at all value, that is impractical for manufactures to make them so. For instance, u can search for a 25k resistor, but u may never find it, however , 22k resistor are common and can be found any ware. So what to do ?, fortunately we can combine resistor in various ways to create an equivalent resistance.

USING RESISTOR IN SERIES

When you combine two resistor in series, you limit/ restrict the current with the first resistor and limit/ restrict it some more with the second resistor, so the effect of the combination in series increase.

R or Rseries or Rtotal is the summation of all the value of resistor in a series circuit connection.

SERIES RESISTOR

Rtotal = 1200 + 680 + 470 = 2350 = 2.35k

1200
+ _

680

470

2350

POTENTIAL DIVIDER @ VOLTAGE DIVIDER

The circuit shown here is often referred to as a potential divider aka voltage divider circuit. Such a circuit can consist of a number of similar elements in series connected across a voltage source, voltages being taken from connections between the elements. Frequently the divider consists of two resistors as shown

QUESTION 7

Determine the value of voltage V shown below

SOLUTION Q7

QUESTION 8
Two resistors are connected in series across a 24 V supply and a current of 3 A flows in the circuit. If one of the resistors has a resistance of 2 determine (a) the value of the other resistor, and (b) the p.d. across the 2 resistor. If the circuit is connected for 50 hours, how much energy is used?

SOLUTION Q8

USING RESISTOR IN PARALLEL

When combine a resistor in parallel two path for current flow is provided. The effect of parallel is a decrease in overall resistance. To calculate the equivalent of resistance, Rparaller of two resistor is :

Where R1 and R2 are the values of the individual resistors.

PARALLEL RESISTORS

Rparaller = R1R2 R1+R2

Rparaller = 2000 2000 = 1000 2000 + 2000

1000

2000

2000

QUESTION 9
Two resistors, of resistance 3 and 6 , are connected in parallel across a battery having a voltage of 12 V. Determine (a) the total circuit resistance and (b) the current flowing in the 3 resistor.

SOLUTION Q9

OHMS LAW

Because the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in any circuit is so regular, we can reliably control any variable in a circuit simply by controlling the other two.

V=IR

V is the voltage across the device, I is the current flowing through the device, R is a constant. R depends upon the material from which the device is constructed and the geometry of the material.

The other formula you need with resistance is Power (P) P = V2 / R = I2 R

The use of both ohms and power law are practical to

To calculate an unknown voltage To calculate an unknown current To calculate an unknown resistance

QUESTION 10
For the circuit shown , determine (a) The reading on the ammeter (b) the value of resistor R2

SOLUTION Q10

The use of ohms law

MEASURING RESISTANCE
An ohmmeter measures resistance, and gives you a value of the measured resistance in ohms, kilohms or megohms. Many ohmmeters look like the following diagram. Don't get uptight about which lead goes on which end of the resistor. It doesn't matter. (The resistor is a "bilateral" element and should be the same either way!)