Presentation on Transmission Medium

Presented by: Pooja Relan (40) Ajinkya Sanap (41) Anish Sanghvi (42)

Transmission Medium

On any network, the various entities must communicate through some form of media. Just as humans can communicate through telephone wires or sound waves in the air, computers can communicate through cables, light, and radio waves. Transmission media enables computers to send and receive messages

Types of Transmission Medium

There are two main groups of transmission media, namely the guided medium and the wireless medium/ unguided medium. For the guided medium, there is a physical path (such as a cable) for electromagnetic wave propagation. For the wireless medium, however, the electromagnetic wave is transmitted through air, water, or vacuum.

Twisted Pair Cable

A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. Low frequency transmission medium We can transmit 1 Mbps over short distances (less than 100m). They are mainly used to transmit analog signals, but they can be used for digital signals. Types of Twisted Pair Cable: - UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) - STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair)

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: - Inexpensive and readily available - Flexible and light weight - Easy to work with and install Disadvantages: - Susceptibility to interference and noise - Attenuation problem For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km - Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)

Applications

Twisted-pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide voice and data channels. The DSL lines that are used by the telephone companies to provide high data-rate connections also use the highbandwidth capability of unshielded twisted-pair cables. Local-area networks, such as 10Base-T and 100Base-T, also use twisted-pair cables.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted- pair cable. Coaxial consists of a core made of solid copper surrounded by insulation, a braided metal shielding, and an outer cover.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: - Higher bandwidth 400 to 600Mhz up to 10,800 voice conversations - Much less susceptible to interference than twisted pair Disadvantages: - More expensive than twisted pair cable. - Harder to work with & gets easily damaged.

Applications

Television distribution Ariel to TV Cable TV Long distance telephone transmission Short distance computer systems links Local area networks

Fiber Optic Cable

Relatively new transmission medium used by telephone companies in place of longdistance trunk lines Require a light source with injection laser diode (ILD) or light-emitting diodes (LED) Optical fiber consists of a glass core, surrounded by a glass cladding with slightly lower refractive index.

Fiber Optic Transmission Modes

Single-mode fiber Carries light pulses along single path. Multimode fiber Many pulses of light travel at different angles

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: - Greater capacity (bandwidth of up to 2 Gbps). - Smaller size and lighter weight. - Lower attenuation. - Immunity to environmental interference. - Highly secure due to tap difficulty and lack of signal radiation. Disadvantages: - Expensive over short distance - Requires highly skilled installers - Adding additional nodes is difficult

Applications

The fiber optic cable is often found in backbone networks because its bandwidth is cost effective. Used in TV companies. LAN such as 100 BaseFX Network

Unguided Transmission Medium

Unguided media no medium to control or contain signals; therefore, no boundaries transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. Types of unguided media systems: Microwave Satellite Radio

Types of Unguided Transmission Medium

Radio Wireless transmission of electrical waves over air Each device has a radio transceiver with a specific frequency Low power transmitters (few miles range) Often attached to portables (Laptops, PDAs, cell phones)

Infrared

invisible light waves (frequency is below red light) Requires line of sight; generally subject to interference from heavy rain, smog, and fog Used in remote control units (e.g., TV) Microwave Transmission High frequency form of radio communication. Antenna at transmitter & receiver must be aligned (Line of Sight). Does not penetrate through objects.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: - easy to install - no need to run cables throughout the building - users are able to move around with portable systems and stay connected - transmission speeds are very high Disadvantages: - less secure - its lot easier to hack into a wireless network.

Applications

They are used in Cellular phones. They are used in wireless LANs. AM and FM Radio, television, maritime radio, cordless phone, and paging are examples of multicasting. Infrared waves are used in communication between devices such as Keyboard, PCs and Printers.

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