EXTERNAL FLOW

In these flows boundary layers develop freely. There

will be two regions of flow, namely, free stream and
boundary layer. Flow over flat plates, curved
surfaces such as sphere, cylinder, and airfoil, or
turbine blade are typical of external flows.
Forced convection will be dealt with where flow
originates due to pump, fan, or blower.
The primary objective is to determine convection
coefficients for different flow geometries from the
functional forms given by
average Pr) , (Re f Nu
local Pr) , Re , x ( f Nu
x x
x
*
x
=
=
1
Two approaches are used:
Experimental or Empirical Approach
Measurements made in controlled laboratory
conditions and correlating the data in terms of
appropriate dimensionless parameters
Theoretical Approach Involves solving the
boundary layer equations for a particular geometry.
For example obtaining the temperature profile T*
and using

= =
c
c
= =
=
L
0
x
0 y @
*
*
f
x
dx Nu
L
1
k
L h
Nu
by followed
y
T
k
hx
Nu
*
2
7.1 THE EMPIRICAL METHOD
A typical experimental set up for a flat plate is shown
in fig-chp7\fig7.1.pptx. It is electrically heated to
maintain T
s
> T

.
Newtons law of cooling will be used to determine the
average h from

Knowing the fluid properties, Nu, Re, and Pr could be
computed. We could vary u

, L, nature of the fluid,

using for example air, water, or engine oil. Then we
can plot Nu
L
vs Re
L
with Pr as a parameter on a
log-log plot as shown in fig-chp7\fig7.2.pptx.

) T T ( A h EI q
s s L
= =
3
On such plots the empirical correlation

usually approximate straight lines.
One curve can suffice if the functional form is
arranged as


This is shown in Fig.7.2(b).
The variation of fluid properties with temperature is
handled in one of two ways. The first uses the film
temperature to determine the fluid properties .


n m
L
L
Pr Re C Nu =
m
L
n
L
Re C
Pr
Nu
=
4
This is the average temperature given by


The second method uses the properties at T

, and then
multiplying the right hand expression by a parameter
to account for the property variations. The
parameters used are


2
T T
T
s
f

+
=
r
s
r
s
or
Pr
Pr
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

5
7.2 THEORETICAL APPROACH
7.2.1 The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow
Parallel flow over a flat plate occurs in numerous
engineering applications. fig-chp7\fig7.3.pptx
shows the arrangement considered for analysis.
Laminar Flow over an I sothermal plate:
A Similarity Solution
The following assumptions are made: Steady,
incompressible, laminar flow, constant fluid
properties, negligible viscous dissipation (low
speed) and recognizing dP/dx = 0 since dP

/dx=0


6
The boundary layer equations reduce to








The method is first to solve hydrodynamic problem.
Blasius used the stream function (x,y), such that

2
2
2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u : Energy
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u : Momentum
0
y
v
x
u
: Continuity
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o
v
7



The above satisfies the continuity equation. The stream
function will be used in the following definitions to
change the PDE into ODE.



This gives a solution termed as similarity solution and is
a similarity variable.
This terminology is used because the velocity profile u/u


x
v and
y
u
c
c
=
c
c
=

x / u y where
u / x u
) ( f v q
v

q


= =
8
remains geometrically similar despite the boundary
layer growth. This similarity is of the functional
form given by


From Blasius equation we will find that



Hence the velocity profile is assumed to be uniquely
determined by the similarity variable , which is a
function of both x and y.

|
.
|

\
|
=

o
|
y
u
u
) (
/
2 / 1
q |
o
|
v
|
v
o =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

y
u x
y
or
u
x
9
The following steps convert the PDE into ODE.

" ' '
f
x 2
u
x
f u
2
1
x y x
u
f
d
df
x
u
2
1
f
x u 2
u
x
f
u
x
u
x
v
d
df
u
x
u
d
df
u
x
u
y y
u
q
q q
q
q
q
v
v v
q v q
v q
q

= =
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
=
= =
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
10





Substituting these expressions into the momentum
equation will give

This is a nonlinear third order ODE. The appropriate
boundary conditions are
u(x,0)=v(x,0)=0 and u(x,)=u



' ' '
2
' ' '
2
2
"
f
x
u
x
u
x
u
f u
y y
u
y
u
x
u
f u
y y y
u
v v v
q
q
v
q
q

= =
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
0 ff f 2
' ' ' ' '
= +
11
Or in terms of similarity variables


Numerical solution presented in tabular form in Table
7.1 gives, for the limit for the boundary condition
(u/u

=0.99)
5.0
Using
=
This will give


1
d
df
and 0 ) 0 ( f
d
df
@ 0 @
= = =
= q q
q q
x
Re
x 5
/ x u
x 5
x / u
0 . 5
x / u y = = =

v v
o v
x
Re
5
x
=
o
12
Table 7.1.Flat plate laminar Boundary layer functions
13
increases with increasing x and but decreases with
increasing u

. The wall shear stress may be

expressed as


Hence from the table value

The local friction coefficient becomes


With the solution of the boundary layer equation, then
in a similar manner the energy equation can be






0 =
2
2

0 =
=

=
q
q
v t
@ @
/
d
f d
x u u
y
u
y
s
x u u
s
/ .

332 0 = t
2 1
2

664 0 =
2

/
,
,
Re .
/
x
x s
x f
u
C

t
14
solved. Introducing the dimensionless temperature as
T
*
=[(T-T
s
)/(T

-T
s
)] and assuming a similarity
solution of the form T
*
= T
*
() will convert the PDE
to ODE given as ( )


The appropriate boundary conditions are
T
*
(0) = 0 T
*
()=1
Numerical solution has been obtained and gives for
Pr0.6



0 =
2
+
2
2
q q d
dT
f
d
T d
* *
Pr
3 1
0 =
332 0 =
/
@
*
Pr .
q
q d
dT
15
x u y v q /

=
Expressing the local convection coefficient as




This will give the local Nusselt number as


The numerical solution of the thermal equation gives
the velocity boundary layer thickness to the thermal
boundary layer thickness as


0 @
*
2 / 1

* *
0 @
*
s
s

' '
,

-
-
-
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
q
q v
q
q
d
dT
x
u
k h
y
T
y
T
y
T
k
T T
T T
T T
q
h
x
y
s
s
x

6 0 332 0 =
3 1 2 1
. Pr Pr Re .
/ /
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
3 1

/
Pr
t
o
o
16
Useful and average laminar boundary layer parameters
can be derived as follows:


Substituting the value of
s,x
, integration and insertion
will give

And the average heat transfer coefficient for laminar
flow is



dx
x
where
u
C
x
x s x s
x s
x f
0
2

, ,
,
,
/
t t

t
2 1
328 1 =
/
,
Re .
x x f
C
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

x
0
2 / 1
2 / 1
3 / 1
x
0
x x
x
dx u
Pr
x
k
332 . 0 dx h
x
1
h
v
17
The integration gives

This will give the average Nusselt number as


The solution of the nondimensional energy equation
also gives


From the forgoing local results, average boundary
layer parameters may be determined as follows:
x x
h h 2 =
6 . 0 Pr Pr Re 664 . 0
k
h
Nu
3 / 1 2 / 1
x
x
x
> =
3 / 1
t
Pr ~
o
o
18
Average friction coefficient defined as


And after substitution of
s,x
and integration gives

Using the local Nu, the average local heat transfer
coefficient for laminar flow becomes



dx
x
1
where
2 / u
C
x
0
x , s x , s
x , s
x , f

t t

t
2 1
328 1 =
/
,
Re .
x x f
C
6 . 0 Pr Pr Re 664 . 0
x
dx u
Pr
x
k
332 . 0 dx h
x
1
h
3 / 1 2 / 1
x
x
0
x
0
2 / 1
2 / 1

3 / 1
x x

> =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
v
19
In terms of Nu


In the above equations variable properties can be
treated by evaluating all properties at the film
temperature.
Liquid metals have small Pr and the above equations
would not be applicable. Small Pr is characterized
by the fast thermal boundary layer development as
compared with the velocity boundary layer
development (
t
>> ). This will justify the
assumption of uniform velocity (u=u

) throughout
the thermal boundary layer. The solution of the

6 0 664 0 =
3 1 2 1
. Pr Pr Re .
/ /
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu
20
thermal boundary layer gives

where Pe
x
Re
x
Pr is the Peclet number. Liquid
metals are good coolants in the applications
requiring high heat transfer rates (Na in nuclear
reactors). Churchill and Ozoe have recommended a
single correlation for all Pr for laminar flow over an
isothermal plate as


with


100 05 0 565 0 =
2 1
x x x
Pe Pe Nu , . Pr .
/
100 Pe
] Pr) / 0468 . 0 ( 1 [
Pr Re 3387 . 0
Nu
x
4 / 1 3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
x
x
>
+
=
x
x
Nu Nu 2 =
21
7.3 TURBULENT FLOW OVER AN ISOTHERMAL
PLATE
Experimental data correlation (within 15% accuracy)
gives the local friction coefficient as

To a reasonable approximation may be expressed as


For turbulent flow boundary layer development is
influenced strongly by random fluctuations in the fluid
and not by molecular diffusion. Hence relative
boundary layer growth does not depend on Pr.



8
,
5 / 1
,
10 Re Re Re 0592 . 0 s s =

x c x x x f
C
)) ( ( Re 37 . 0
2 / 1 5 / 4 5 / 1 -
lam x vs x x
x
o o o =
3 / 2 5 / 1
x
3 / 2
f
3 / 2
f
x x t
Pr Re 2
0592 . 0
Pr 2
C
St Pr St
2
C
Pr Re St Nu
= = =
= o o
22
The above will give the local Nusselt number for turbulent
flow as

Expressions for average coefficients can be determined
now. But as the turbulent flow is preceded by the
laminar and then the mixed flow, it will be appropriate
to consider the mixed boundary layer conditions.
7.4 MIXED BOUNDARY LAYER CONDITIONS
For complete laminar flow or if transition occurs toward
the rear of the plate (0.95 x
c
/Lx
c
), the laminar
equations may be used. But if transition occurs
sufficiently upstream of the trailing edge, the average
coefficient will depend on both laminar and turbulent


60 6 0 0296 0 = =
3 1 5 4
Pr . Pr Re . Pr Re
/ /
x x x
St Nu
23
boundary layers.
Laminar 0xx
c
Turbulent x
c
xL


Substituting the corresponding equations (Nu
x
s)


Integration gives


|
.
|

\
|
+ =

c
c
x
0
L
x
turb lam L
dx h dx h
L
1
h
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }

3 / 1
x
0
L
x
5 / 1
5 / 4
2 / 1
2 / 1
L
Pr
x
dx u
0296 . 0
x
dx u
332 . 0
L
k
h
c
c
v v
871 10 5 Re
Re 664 . 0 - Re 037 . 0
10 Re Re
60 Pr 6 . 0
Pr ) - Re 037 . 0 (
5
,
2 / 1
,
5 / 4
,
8
,
3 / 1 5 / 4
= =
=
(

=
A x For
A
A Nu
c x
c x c x
L c x
L
L
24
In a similar manner the average friction coefficient can
be determined as


For L>>x
c
and
The above equation is more true if turbulent flow
starts right from the leading edge by the process of
tripping the boundary layer using fine wire or some
other turbulence promoters.

] 10 Re [Re
Re
A 2
Re 074 . 0 C
8
L c , x
L
5 / 1
L L , f
s s =

5 / 4
L
L
Re 037 . 0 Nu =
074 0 =
5 1/
,
Re .
L L f
C
25
7.5 FLAT PLATES WITH CONSTANT HEAT
FLUX CONDITIONS
For uniform heat flux imposed on a flat plate the
following relations have been determined.
Laminar flow:
Turbulent flow:
Nu
x
is 36% and 4% larger than the isothermal case for
laminar and turbulent flows, respectively.
For a known heat flux, the surface temperature can be
determined from

6 . 0 Pr Pr Re 453 . 0 Nu
3 / 1 2 / 1
x x
> =
60 Pr 6 . 0 Pr Re 0308 . 0 Nu
3 / 1 5 / 4
x x
s s =
A q q ;
h
q
T ) x ( T
' '
s
x
' '
s
s
= + =

26
Since T
s
is changing average (T
s
T

) may be
determined from (h
x
= Nu
x
k/x)


For laminar flow substitution of Nu
x
will give


Nu
L
different by 2% only with that of the isothermal
case


= =

L
0
L
0
x
' '
s
s s
dx
kNu
x
L
q
dx ) T T (
L
1
T T
3 / 1 2 / 1
' '
Pr Re 680 . 0
L
L
L
s
s
Nu where
Nu k
L q
T T = =

27
Example 7.1
Air at a pressure of 6 kN/m
2
and a temperature of
300
o
C flows with a velocity of 10 m/s over a flat
plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit
width of the plate needed to maintain it at a surface
temperature of 27
o
C.
28
Solution
Properties: air at T
f
=437 K, P=1atm
=30.84x10
-6
m
2
/s, k=36.4x10
-3
W/m.K, Pr=0.687.
Since =/ and for an ideal gas p= RT, will be
affected by variation in pressure according to
(
1
/
2
=P
2
/P
1
).
= 30.84x10
-6
x (1.0133x10
5
)/(6x10
3
)=5.21x10
-4
For a plate of unit depth
Checking the flow



) T T ( L h q
s
'
=

9597
10 x 21 . 5
5 . 0 x 10 L u
Re
4
L
= = =

v
29
The flow is laminar and h can be determined from




7.6 THE CYLINDER IN CROSS FLOW
fig-chp7\fig7.4.pptx shows flow across a cylindrical
surface. This is a common type of flow in heat
transfer equipments. The fluid reaches a stagnation
point at the front end, then acceleration up to =90
o

and then deceleration followed by flow separation.
Flow separation is shown in fig-chp7\fig7.5.pptx.



m / W 570 ) 27 300 ( 5 . 0 x 18 . 4 q
K m / W 18 . 4
5 . 0
0364 . 0 x 4 . 57
L
k Nu
h
4 . 57 ) 687 . 0 ( ) 9597 ( 664 . 0 Pr Re 664 . 0 Nu
'
2
L
3 / 1 2 / 1 3 / 1 2 / 1
L
L
= =
= = =
= = =
30
Two types of drag forces exist:
Friction drag, due to boundary layer surface shear
stress and form, or pressure drag that occur due to
pressure differential in the flow direction resulting
from formation of the wake.
A dimensionless drag coefficient C
D
may be defined
as


fig-chp7\fig7.6.pptx gives the drag coefficients for
circular cylinders and spheres.


) / ( 2
=
2
V A
F
C
f
D
D

31
The empirical equation for Nusselt number due to
Hilpert is given by


where Reynolds number, Re is defined by


The above correlation is used for Pr0.7 and the
constants are listed in Table7.2. For noncircular
cylinders Table 7.3 gives the constants to be used in
the same formula. All properties are evaluated at the
film temperature.


v
VD VD
D
= = Re
3 1
=
/
Pr Re
m
D
D
C
k
D h
Nu
32
Table 7.2 Constants for circular cylinder in cross flow
33
Table 7.3 Constants for noncircular cylinders in cross
flow
34
Correlation from Zukauskas is of the form


The constants are given in Table 7.4. Properties are
evaluated at T

except Pr
s
, which is evaluated at T
s
.
If Pr 10, n=0.37; if Pr 10, n=0.36

Churchill and Bernsteins correlation for all Re and
recommended for Re
D
Pr 0.2 is given by


(

s s
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
D
4 / 1
s
n m
D
D
10 Re 1
500 Pr 7 . 0
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu
35
Table 7.4 Constants for circular cylinders to be used
in Zukauskas equation.
36



All properties evaluated at the film temperature.
Example 7. 2
Experiments have been conducted on a metallic
cylinder 12.7 mm in diameter and 94 mm long. The
cylinder is heated internally by an electrical heater
and is subjected to a cross flow of air in a low-speed
wind tunnel. Under a specific set of operating
conditions for which the upstream air velocity and
temperature were maintained at V = 10 m/s and
26.2
o
C,
5 / 4
8 / 5
D
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
D
D
282000
Re
1
Pr) / 4 . 0 ( 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0 Nu
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ =
37
respectively, the heater power dissipation was
measured to be P = 46 W, while the average cylinder
surface temperature was determined to be T
s
=
128.4
o
C. It is estimated that 15% of the power
dissipation is lost through the cumulative effect of
surface radiation and conduction through the end
pieces.
1. Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient
from the experimental observations.
2. Compare the experimental result with the
convection computed from an appropriate
correlation.
38










Figure for example 7.
39










The cylinder for same example
40
Solution
Properties: air (T

= 26.2
o
C 300 K): = 15.89 x10
-6

m
2
/s, k = 26.3 x 10
-3
W/m.K, Pr = 0.707. air (T
f

350 K): = 20.92 x 10
-6
m
2
/s, k = 30 x 10
-3
W/m.K,
Pr = 0.70. air (T
s
=128.4
o
C) = 401 K): Pr = 0.690.
1. Using Newton s law of cooling


With q = 0.85P and A = DL, then


41
) T T ( A
q
h
s

=
K . m / W 102
) 2 . 26 4 . 128 ( 094 . 0 x 0127 . 0 x
46 x 85 . 0
h
2
=

=
t
2. Working with Zukauskas equation


All properties, except Pr
s
are evaluated at T

. This
gives


From Table 7.4 C=0.26 and m = 0.6. Also, since
Pr<10, n = 0.37. Substitution gives




42
4 / 1
s
n m
D
D
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7992 =
10 8 15
0127 0 10
= =
6
x
x VD
D
.
.
Re
v
K . m / W 105
0127 . 0
0263 . 0
5 . 50
D
k
Nu h
5 . 50
690 . 0
707 . 0
) 707 . 0 ( ) 7992 ( 26 . 0 Nu
2
D
25 . 0
37 . 0 6 . 0
D
= = =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
3. Using Churchill relation the result will be

Properties are evaluated at the film temperature.
4. Hilpert correlation gives


Accuracies of these empirical correlation will be
within 15%.


43
K m W
D
k
Nu h Nu
D D
. /
.
.
. ; .
2
96 =
0127 0
03 0
6 40 = = 6 40 =
K m W
D
k
Nu h Nu
D D
. /
.
.
. ; .
2
88 =
0127 0
03 0
6 40 = = 3 37 =
7.7 THE SPHERE
The drag coefficient was given in fig-
chp7\fig7.6.pptx. For very small Re (creeping
flow), the coefficient is given by


For heat transfer Whitaker recommends


5 0 <
24
= . Re
Re
D
D
D
C
(
(
(

s s
s s
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2 . 3 ) / ( 0 . 1
10 x 6 . 7 Re 5 . 3
380 Pr 71 . 0
Pr ) Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 ( 2 Nu
s
4
D
4 / 1
s
4 . 0 3 / 2
D
2 / 1
D
D

44
All properties are evaluated at T

and
s
at T
s
.
For freely falling liquid drops, Ranz and Marshalls
correlation given by


In the limit Re
D
0, both equations reduce to
Which corresponds to heat transfer by conduction
from a spherical surface to a stationary, infinite
medium around the sphere.

3 / 1 2 / 1
D
D
Pr Re 6 . 0 2 Nu + =
2 =
D
Nu
45
Example 7.3
The decorative plastic film on a copper sphere of 10-
mm diameter is cured in an oven at 75
o
C. Upon
removal from the oven, the sphere is subjected to an
airstream at 1 atm and 23
o
C having a velocity of 10
m/s. Estimate how long it will take to cool the
sphere to 35
o
C.
Solution
Properties: Copper (T328 K): = 8933 kg/m
3
, k =
399 W/m.K, c
P
= 388 J/kg.K
Air: (T

= 296 K): = 182.6 x 10

-7
N.s/m
2
, = 15.53
x 10
-6
m
2
/s, k = 0.0251 W/m.K, Pr = 0.708
Air: (T
s
= 328 K): = 197.8 x 10
-7
N.s/m
2
.
46
Lumped capacitance will be used.



Using Whitakers relation


47

i P
2
s
3
i
s
P
T - T
T - T
ln
h 6
c
t
D A 6 / D V with
T T
T T
ln
A h
Vc
t

t t

=
= =

6440
10 x 53 . 15
01 . 0 x 10 VD
Re
Pr ) Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 ( 2 Nu
6
D
4 / 1
s
4 . 0 3 / 2
D
2 / 1
D
D
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

This will give the Nusselt No. as

The time required for cooling is then


(checking on the Biot No. gives 4.9x10
-4
)



48
K . m / W 118
01 . 0
0251 . 0
1 . 47
D
k
Nu h
1 . 47
10 x 8 . 197
10 x 6 . 182
x
) 708 . 0 ]( ) 6440 ( 06 . 0 ) 6440 ( 4 . 0 [ 2 Nu
2
D
4 / 1
7
7
4 . 0 3 / 2 2 / 1
D
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

s 8 . 71
23 35
23 75
ln
118 x 6
01 . 0 x 387 x 8933
t =
|
.
|

\
|

=
7.8 FLOW ACROSS BANKS OF TUBES
Heat exchangers use banks of tubes shown in fig-
chp7\fig7.7.pptx . The tube can be staggered or
aligned in the direction of the fluid velocity fig-
chp7\fig7.8.pptx .
The coefficient for a tube in the first row is
approximately equal to that for a single tube in
cross flow, whereas larger heat transfer coefficients
are associated with tubes of the inner rows. Tubes
of the first few rows act as turbulence grids, which
increase the heat transfer coefficient in the
following rows. Usually the heat transfer
coefficients stabilize at the 4
th
or 5
th
row.
49
Average heat transfer coefficients for air flow, for 10
or more rows is given by a correlation according to
Grimson.



Values of C
1
and m are given in Table 7.5.
and

By common practice the above result is extended for
other fluids through insertion of the factor 1.13Pr
1/3
.


(
(
(

=
< <
>
=
7 . 0 Pr
40000 Re 2000
10 N
Re C Nu
max , D
L
m
max , D 1
D
50

D V
D
max
max ,
Re
Table 7.5 Constants C
1
and m










51
This will modify the relation as


Film temperatures are used to determine the
temperatures.
If N
L
< 10, a correction factor may be applied such
that

where C
2
is given in Table 7.6.
As Re
D
is based on the maximum fluid velocity
occurring within the tube bank, this has to be related
to the longitudinal pitch S
L
and transverse pitch
52
(
(
(

>
< < =
7 . 0 Pr
40000 Re 2000
10 N
Re C 13 . 1 Nu
max , D
L
m
max , D 1
D
) ( ) ( 10 2 10 <
=
L L
N
D
N
D
Nu C Nu
Table 7.6 Correction factor C
2
for N
L
< 10



S
T
. For the aligned arrangement V
max
occurs at A
1
fig-
chp7\fig7.8.pptx (a). From mass conservation
principle for incompressible fluid it can easily be
shown that


For the staggered it may occur at A
1
or A
2
(Fig.7.8 (b)).
Since the fluid moving through A
1
is divided into
two A
2
s, Conservation principle will show that

53
V
D S
S
V
T
T
max

=
occurrence at A
2
will require
2(S
D
D) < (S
T
D)
Hence V
max
occurs at A
2
if




More recent results from Zukauskas is given by

54
V
) D - S ( 2
S
V
and
2
D S
2
S
S S
D
T
max
T
2 / 1
2
T
2
L D
=
+
<
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(
(

s s
s s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
500 Pr 7 . 0
10 x 2 Re 1000
20 N
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C Nu
6
max , D
L 4 / 1
s
36 . 0 m
max , D
D
where all properties except Pr
s
are evaluated at the
arithmetic mean of the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures and the constants C and m are listed in
Table 7.7
For N
L
< 20, a correction factor may be applied such
that

And values of C
2
are given in Table 7.8.
Table 7.8 Correction factor C
2
for N
L
< 20
55
) ( ) ( 20 2 20 <
=
L L
N
D
N
D
Nu C Nu
Table 7.7 Constants for Zukauskas equation
56
As the fluid passes through the banks of tubes, its
temperature will change, so also the temperature
difference (T
s
-T

). This will require some kind of

mean temperature difference. When dealing with
heat exchangers in a later chapter, this mean
temperature difference will be derived as the log-
mean temperature difference given by

57
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
o s
i s
o s i s
lm
T T
T T
ln
T T ) T T (
T A
The outlet temperature may be estimated from


Knowledge of T
o
will give T
lm
and then the heat
transfer rate per unit length of the tubes will be


Equally important in flow across banks of tubes is the
associated pressure drop. The power required to
move the fluid across the bank is often a major
operating expense and is directly proportional to the


58
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

P T T i s
o s
c S VN
h DN
exp
T T
T T

t
) T D h ( N q
lm
'
A t =
pressure drop. This may be expressed as



The friction factor f and the correction factor are
plotted in fig-chp7\fig7.9.pptx and fig-
chp7\fig7.10.pptx . In lines are for square
arrangement while the correction factor is for other
arrangements. Similarly the staggered is for an
equilateral triangle. For others the correction factor
plotted in the inset is used.


59
f
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
V
N P
2
max
L

_ A
Example 7.3
Pressurized water is often available at elevated
temperatures and may be used for space heating or
industrial process applications. In such cases it is
customary to use a tube bundle in which water is
passed through the tubes, while air is passed in cross
flow over the tubes. Consider a staggered
arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is
16.4 mm and the longitudinal and transverse pitches
S
L
= 34.3 mm and S
T
= 31.3 mm. There are seven
rows of tubes in the airflow direction and eight tubes
per row. Under typical operating conditions the
cylinder surface temperature is at 70
o
C, while the air
upstream temperature and velocity are 15
o
C and









60
6 m/s, respectively. Determine the air-side convection
coefficient and the rate of heat transfer for the tube
bundle. What is the air-side pressure drop?
61
Solution
Properties: Air (T

=15
o
C): =1.217 kg/m
3
, c
P
=1007
J/kg.K, =14.82 x 10
-6
m
2
/s, k=0.0253 W/m.K, Pr =
0.710. Air(T
s
= 70
o
C): Pr=0.701.
Using Zukauskas correlation


Since , the
maximum velocity occurs on the transverse plane
A
1
. This gives



62
4 / 1
s
36 . 0 m
max , D 2
D
Pr
Pr
Pr Re C C Nu
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) 2 / ] D S ([ mm 7 . 37 ] ) 2 / S ( S [ S
T
2 / 1 2
T
2
L D
+ = + =
s / m 6 . 12 ) 6 (
) 4 . 16 3 . 31 (
3 . 31
V
D - S
S
V
T
T
max
=

= =
And assuming the mean velocity as T



Using S
T
/S
L
=31.3/34.3 = 0.91 < 2
Tables 7.7 and 7.8 will give


Nusselt No. can be determined as



63
13943 =
10 82 14
0164 0 6 12
= =
6
x
x D V
D
.
. .
Re
max
max ,
v
95 . 0 C and 60 . 0 m , 34 . 0
S
S
35 . 0 C
2
5 / 1
L
T
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
9 . 87
701 . 0
710 . 0
) 71 . 0 ( ) 13943 ( 34 . 0 x 95 . 0 Nu
4 / 1
36 . 0 60 . 0
D
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Hence


The outlet temperature can be estimate from




This will give the outlet temperature as
T
o
=T
s
44.5 = 70-44.5= 25.5
o
C
64
K m W x
D
k
Nu h
D
. / .
.
.
. 6 135 =
0164 0
0253 0
6 79 = =
5 . 44
1007 ) 0313 . 0 ( 8 ) 6 ( 217 . 1
) 6 . 135 ( 56 ) 0164 . 0 (
exp ) 55 ( T - T
c S VN
h DN
exp ) T - T ( T - T
s
P T T
i s o s
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t

t
This will require reworking of the above steps using
the properties at the new mean temperature which is
(15+24.5)/2=19.8
o
C.
If we proceed with the method followed to determine
the heat transfer rate, the log mean temperature will
be



Heat transfer per unit length will be


65
C 6 . 49
5 . 44
55
ln
) 5 . 44 55 (
T T
T T
ln
) T T ( ) T T (
T
o
o s
i s
o s i s
lm
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A
m kW T D h N q
lm
/ . ) . )( . )( . ( ) (
'
4 19 = 6 49 0164 0 6 135 56 = = t t A
2. The pressure drop may be obtained from


With Re
D,max
= 13943, P
T
=(S
T
/D) = 1.91, and (P
T
/P
L
)
= 0.91, from the figure it can be seen that
1.04 and f 0.35. With N
L
= 7



The graph below shows the heat transfer rate and
outlet temperature for the same velocity of flow but
with N
L
varied. With increase in N
L
the

66
f
V
N P
L
2
=
2
max

_ A
. . /
) . (
. .
.
bars x m N P
x
x P
3 2
10 46 2 = 246 =
35 0
2
6 12 217 1
04 1 7 =
A
A









Effect of change of N
L
67
T
o
will become asymptotic with the T
s
. Further
increase of N
L
will not be of any use.
The other graph shows the effect of the change of V
with fixed N
L
. Here the heat rate increases with V
but the outlet temperature decreases, approaching T
i

as V.
68










Effect of change of velocity
69
m
70