Topic 1 Matter and Measurement

Learning Objectives
[1] Discuss chemistry and describe the interrelationship of chemistry with other fields of science. [2] Describe the properties of the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. [3] Classify matter as element, compound or mixture. [4] Provide specific examples of physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical change. [5] Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties. [6] Discuss the approach to science, the scientific method, and distinguish among the terms hypothesis, theory, and scientific law.

Learning Objectives (contd)

[7] Learn the major units of measure in the metric systems. [8] Know the three common temperature scales, and be able to convert from one system to another. [9] Use density, mass and volume in problem solving and calculate the specific gravity of a substance from its density. [10] Report data and results using scientific notation and the proper number of significant figures. [11] Use dimensional analysis in conversion of units.

-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 [1] Discuss chemistry and describe the interrelationship of chemistry with other fields of science. -----------------------------

Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

Composition of matter relates to the kinds of elements it contains. Structure of matter relates to the ways the atoms of these elements are arranged. Property of matter is any characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity. Changes of matter can be physical or chemical change.

Why study chemistry?

Chemistry is the central science, central to a fundamental understanding of other sciences and technologies.

-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 [2] Describe the properties of the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. -----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 [3] Classify matter as element, compound or mixture. -----------------------------

States of Matter
Gas (also known as vapor) has no fixed volume or shape conforms to the volume and shape of its container and compressible Liquid has a distinct volume has no specific shape assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies and incompressible Solid has both definite volume and shape incompressible

Classification of Matter

-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 [4] Provide specific examples of physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical change. -----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5 [5] Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties. -----------------------------

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Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical Properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition or identity of a substance Example: color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point and hardness, freezing point, conductivity, luster, malleability, temperature, solubility Chemical Properties result in a change in composition and can be observed only through chemical reactions Example: Flammability, combustibility, heats of combustion, pH, reactivity with water or certain substance, toxicity, enthalpy of formation, chemical stability, coordination number

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Physical and Chemical Change

Physical Change
produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a substance without causing any change in its composition or identity. Example: boiling of water, crushing a can, melting an ice, mixing sand and water, breaking a glass, dissolving sugar and water, shredding paper, chopping wood, mixing red and green marbles, sublimating ice

Chemical Change
process of rearranging, removing, replacing, or adding atoms to produce new substances. Example: electrolysis of water, rusting of iron, combustion of wood, metabolism of food in the body, mixing acid and base, cooking an egg, digesting sugar with amylase in saliva, mixing baking soda and vinegar to produce CO2 gas, baking a cake, electroplating a metal, using a chemical battery

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Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive Properties Independent of the amount of matter examined Example: Temperature, Color, Odor, Luster, Malleability, Ductility, Conductivity, Hardness, Melting and Freezing Point, Boiling Point, Density Extensive Properties Relate to the amount of substance present Example: Mass, Weight, Volume, Length

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-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6 [6] Discuss the approach to science, the scientific method, and distinguish among the terms hypothesis, theory, and scientific law. -----------------------------

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Scientific Method
Observation of a phenomenon A question A hypothesis (a potential answer) Experimentation Data analysis Theory Scientific law

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-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7 [7] Learn the major units of measure in the metric systems. -----------------------------

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Units of Measurement
Systeme Internaional dUnites or the SI units developed in France is widely used today! SI Base Units Physical Quantity Mass Name of Unit Kilogram Abbreviation kg

Length
Time Temperature Amount of substance

Meter
Second Kelvin Mole

m
s or sec K mol

Electric current
Luminous intensity

Ampere
Candela

A or amp
cd

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-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8 [8] Know the three common temperature scales, and be able to convert from one system to another. -----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 9 [9] Use density, mass and volume in problem solving and calculate the specific gravity of a substance from its density. ----------------------------- 18

Prefixes used in the Metric System

Prefix Peta Tera Giga Abbreviation P T G Meaning 1015 1012 109

Mega
Kilo Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico Femto Atto Zepto

M
k d c m n p f a z

106
103 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21

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Base Units Length Mass Temperature

1m = 3.28ft 1kg = 2.2 lb K = C + 273.15 F = (9/5)(C)+32 C = (5/9)(F-32) V=(L)3, V =A.L, L=(V)1/3, V=volume;L=length; 1m3 = 35.29ft3 D=M/V, M=D.V, V=M/D D=density;M=mass;V=volume

Derived Units Volume where: Density where:

Specific Gravity
where:

SG=Dsubs/Dref Dsubs=density of substance Dref=density of reference

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-----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 10 [10] Report data and results using scientific notation and the proper number of significant figures. -----------------------------LEARNING OBJECTIVE 11 [11] Use dimensional analysis in conversion of units.

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Uncertainty in Measurement
Exact numbers and Inexact numbers Exact numbers those whose value are known exactly. 1 kilometer = 1000 meter Exact number Inexact numbers those whose values have some uncertainty. mass of beaker Inexact number Precision and Accuracy Precision is a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another. Accuracy refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct, or true value.

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Significant Figures
Rules to determine the number of significant figures: [1] All nonzero digits are significant. 1634four significant figure [2] Zero between nonzero digits are always significant. 1005 kg four significant figures, 7.03 cm three significant figures [3] Zeros at the beginning of a number are never significant; they merely indicate the position of the decimal point. 0.02 one significant figure, 0.0026 two significant figure [4] Zeros at the end of a number are significant if the number contains a decimal point. 0.0200 g three significant figures, 3.0 cm two significant figures

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Rounding off numbers

If the leftmost digit removed is less than 5, the preceding number is left unchanged. Rounding 9.241 to two significant figures, 9.2. If the leftmost digit removed is 5 or greater, the preceding number is increase by 1. Rounding 5.235 to three significant figures, 5.24. Significant Figures for addition and subtraction 22.3 + 3.98 + 1.221 = Significant Figures for multiplication and division 2.22 x 1.1 =

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Dimensional analysis
The key to using dimensional analysis is the correct use conversion factors to change one unit into another. Convert the following: 87.3 ft to m 124.23 m3 to ft3 32.19 kg to lb

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-End of Topic 1-

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