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Applications: ac motor drives Uninterruptible ac power supplies Where a sinusoidal ac output is required whose magnitude and frequency both have to be controlled
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One-leg inverter
Inverter output to be sinusoidal with voltage and frequency controllable Vd/2 Inverter switching frequency is determined by - Sinusoidal control signal which is used to modulate the switch duty ratio and -Vd/2 has a frequency f1. - Triangular waveform Output voltage magnitude fluctuates between Vd /2 and Vd /2 Output voltage frequency is determined by the control signal frequency
Two equal capacitors are connected in series across the dc input Vd /2 is the voltage across each capacitor Items of importance: - peak amplitude of the fundamental frequency component Vo1 is ma (=Vcontrol /Vtri) times Vd /2 - harmonics in the inverter output voltage waveforms
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The switches T+ and T- are controlled based on the comparison of vcontrol and vtri When vcontrol > vtri , T+ is on and vAo=Vd /2 When vcontrol < vtri , T- is on and vAo=-Vd /2 Since the two switches are never off simultaneously, the output voltage vAo fluctuates between Vd /2 and -Vd /2.
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The normalized harmonic voltages with significant amplitudes are plotted This plot shows three items of importance:
The peak value of the fundamental frequency component is ma times Vd/2. Harmonics appear as side bands, cantered around the switching frequency The harmonic mf should be an odd integer.
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The average output voltage (or more specifically, the output voltage averaged over one switching time period Ts = 1/fs) VAo depends on the ratio of Vcontrol to Vtri for a given Vd
V Ao V Vd control 2 V tri Vcontrol V tri
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which shows that in a sinusoidal PWM, the amplitude of the fundamental-frequency component of the output voltage varies linearly with ma. Therefore, the range of ma from 0 to 1 is the linear range.
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Consists of two one-leg inverters Preferred over other arrangements in higher power ratings With the same dc input voltage, output voltage is twice that of the half-bridge inverter
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Vd
+ Vd / 2+ Vd / 2o
TA+
A TA-
DA+ io + DAN vA N-
Find the frequency modulation ratio, mf. Calculate the output voltage (rms value of 1. harmonic), when the amplitude modulation ratio, ma, is equal to 0.8? Prove that (Vo1)peak = ma (Vd / 2 ). Compute the rms value of the 5 most dominant harmonics of vAo (at ma=0,8), by using Table 8-1, page 207. Also indicate the frequencies at which these harmonics appear.
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requires a transformer with a center-tapped primary T1 is ON (and T2 is OFF): vo=Vd/n, where n is the transformer turns ratio. T2 is ON (and T1 is OFF): vo= - Vd/n The peak value of the fundamental component of the output voltage: Vo1= ma (Vd/n)
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No more than one switch in series conducts at any instant of time Less switching voltage drops Thus, this results in a significant improvement in energy efficiency
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Three-Phase Inverter
Used to supply three-phase loads Three single-phase inverters could be used, however, 12 switches are necessary, as a result, less efficient Consists of three legs, one for each phase One of the two switches in a leg is always ON at any instant Output of each leg depends on Vd and the switching status
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Summary
dc-to-ac converters are known as inverters The function of an inverter is to change the dc input voltage to an ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency The output voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal However, the output of practical inverters contains harmonics For high power applications, low distorted sinusoidal waveforms are required Harmonic contents could be minimized by the use of high-speed semiconductor switching techniques Inverters are widely used in industrial applications - motor drives, UPS, induction heating, standby power supplies, etc. - input may be a battery, fuel cell, solar cell, or there dc source dc-to-ac inverters can make smooth transition into the rectification mode, where the flow of power reverses from the ac side to the dc side Two types of inverters: single-phase inverters and three-phase inverters
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