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O AP SUT

1. p sut
2. p k cht lng
3. p k bin dng
4. p k in

1. P SUT
1.1. p sut:
Trng thi ng sut ca cc vt th dng lng v hi
xut hin do tc dng ca cc yu t khc nhau (nn,
thay i nhit ,) c biu th bng 1 i lng
gi l p sut.
Theo quan im c hc: p sut P l t s gia lc
tc dng vung gc vi b mt v din tch b mt
.
Theo h SI p sut c o theo Newton trn mt
vung (N/m
2
),n c gi l Pascal (Pa).


1. P SUT
Lc p sut c th phn b u hay khng u.
Nu lc phn b u ta c biu thc:
P=F/A
Trong :
P l p sut (N/m
2
)
F l lc tc dng ln b mt (N)
S l din tch b mt (m
2
)

1. P SUT
Ap sut cht lu: i lng c gi tr bng lc tc
dng vung gc ln mt n v din tch b mt binh
cha:

Cht lu khng chuyn ng:

Vi l p sut tnh, l p sut kh quyn,
l khi lng ring, l gia tc trng trng
l khong cch t im o n b mt t do.



dS
dF
p =
(N/m
2
)
0 t
p p p gh = = +
t
p
0
p

g
h
1. P SUT
Vi cht lu chuyn ng:





Trong : v l vn tc dng cht lu




t
p p p + =
gh p p
0 t
+ =
2
v
p
2


=
Ap sut tnh
Ap sut ng
1. P SUT V NGUYN L O
1.2. n v o p sut: 1Pa = 1N/m
2
.

1. P SUT
Trong thc t th pascal qu nh nn trong k thut ngi ta dung
cc n v ln hn nh bar
1 bar = 10
5
Pa (N/m
2
)

Ngoi ra trong k thut cn dung cc n v khc. Trong h n v
MKGS (h n v o k thut) n v o p sut l kG/cm
2
cn gi
l atmotphe k thut (at):
1 at = 9.81.10
4
Pa (N/m
2
)

Milimet ct nc (H
2
O) l p sut gy ra do ct nc cao 1mm
c khi lng ring 1000kg/m
3
nhit 4
o
C trong trng trng
c gia tc l 9,80665 m/s
2
.


1. P SUT
Milimet ct thy ngn hoc Tor (mmHg) l p sut gy
ra do ct ct thy ngn cao 1 mm c khi lng ring
13595 kg/m
3
nhit 0
o
C trong trng trng c gia tc
chun l 9,80665 m/s
2
. p sut ny c tnh theo cng
thc:
P=.g.h
1 Tor=133,322 Pa (N/m
2
)
Ngoi ra trong h n v Anh, p sut c tnh theo
pound (0,4536 kgf) trn inche vung (6,452 cm
2
) gi l
Psi

1. P SUT
1.3 Phn loi p sut
1. P SUT
p sut tuyt i hay p sut ton phn l p sut c
tnh t ng khng tuyt i, thng n c xc nh
bng dng c baromet c ngha l p sut thc
p sut tuyt i bng tng p sut kh quyn v p sut
tng i :
P
a
=P
b
+P
d
Trong : P
a
l p sut tuyt i; P
b
l p sut kh quyn;
P
d
l p sut d hay p sut tng i.
p sut d hay p sut tng i: khi p sut tuyt i ln
hn p sut kh quyn th p sut gi l p sut d
P
d
=P
a
-P
b

p sut chn khng: khi p sut tuyt i nh hn p sut
kh quyn th khi p sut d c gi tr m v c gi l
p sut chn khng.
P
ck
=P
b
-P
a
.

2. P K CHT LNG
2.1 p k ch U
2.2 p k bnh
2.3 p k nghing
2.4 p k vng
2.5 Kh p k thy ngn
2.6 Chn khng k Mcleod
2.7 p k Piston
2.8 Vi p k kiu phao
2.9 Vi p k kiu chung
2.10 Cch lp t
2.1 P K CH U
2.1 P K CH U
L dng c o n gin nht trong cc p k cht lng.
Cu to:
ng thy tinh ch U gn trn bng chia , gi tr vch chia l
1mm, im 0 gia.
ng knh ng thng ly (8-10)mm (<8mm xy ra hin
tng mao dn)
cht lng c vo ti mc 0.
1 nhnh dng c thng vi kh quyn, 1 nhnh ni vi ngun p
sut cn o. lc ny 1 nhnh h xung, 1 nhnh nng ln. chnh
lch mc cht lng cho bit p sut cn o.
=> o p sut d, p sut chn khng, v hiu p sut.

2.1 P K CH U
F: din tch tit din ngang ca ng (mm
2
)
: trng lng ring ca cht lng cng tc
(g/mm
3
)
h: chiu cao chnh lch ct cht lng 2 nhnh (mm)

nhy:

nhy dng c thay i bng cch thay i trng
lng ring ca cht lng cng tc.

* * * *
a b
a b
d
P F P F F h
P P h
P h

=
=
=
1 h
S
P
c
= =
c
2.1 P K CH U
u im: n gin, d ch to, chnh xc cao,
nhy ln => lm chun hng I v II trong
phm vi o p di 2,5 atm.
Nhc im: cng knh, d v, c sai s do c,
c bay hi v dn n v nhit ca cht cng tc,
khng o p sut ln (hn ch bi chiu di ng
v bn ca thy tinh)

2.2 P K BNH
2.2 P K BNH
Khc phc nhc im ca p k ch U phi c mc cht
lng c 2 nhnh => sai s tng.
Cu to: mt bn ng c thay th bng mt bnh tit
din ln, chiu cao nh. nhnh tri ni vi mi trng,
nhnh phi thng vi kh quyn.
Phng trnh cn bng th tch cht lng:
F
1
* h
1
= F
2
* h
2
(1)
F
1
: din tch tit din ngang ca ng.
F
2
: din tch tit din ngang ca bnh.
h
1
: chiu cao ct cht lng dng ln trong ng
h
2
: chiu cao ct cht lng h xung trong bnh.

2.2 P K BNH
h = h1 + h2 (2)
T (1) v (2) :



Nu t s rt nh, th

Ch cn c chiu cao ct cht lng bn
ng.
1
1
2
1
F
h h
F
| |
= +
|
\ .
1
1
2
1
d
F
P h
F

| |
= +
|
\ .
1
2
F
F
1 d
P h =
2.2 P K BNH
u im: s dng dng c kh n gin.

Nhc im: b qua t s gy sai s
(ch dng khi t s <1/400)

1
2
F
F
2.3 P K NGHING

2.3 P K NGHING
Loi ny dng o cc p sut rt nh
Gc c th thay i c v bng 60
o
, 30, 45 ...
tuy nhin, khng c di 5
o
v khi rt kh xc
nh chnh xc v tr mt cht lng
S thay i p sut vn c th hin bng s
chnh lch cao ca 2 mc cht lng, tuy nhin,ta
c th o chnh xc hn bng cch o chuyn dch
theo phng nghing

2.3 P K NGHING
Chnh lch p sut:


o chnh xc hn, ta c th thay i
nghing ca p k hoc trng lng ring ca
cht lng
1 2 2
sin p p gz gx u = =
2.4 P K VNG
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:
G
o
gh
p
1
p
2

b)
G
p
1

p
2

a)
O
1
3
4
2
1.Vnh khuyn 2. Vch ngn
3. Dch th 4. i trng
2.4 P K VNG
p k vng l 1 loi p k cht lng c nhy cao dung
o hiu p sut hoc p sut d c gi tr ln.
Phng trnh cn bng:
P.F.R = G.a.sin
P chnh lch 2 nhnh
F din tch tit din ngang ca ng 1.
a khong cch t trng tm ca i trng ti tm quay
-gc quay ca ng
nhy ca dng c:
S=()/(P)=(FR)/(Ga)

2.4 P K VNG
b) c im:
Gii hn o khi dch th l nc: 25 - 160
mmH
2
O, thy ngn: 400 2.500mmH
2
O,
Cp chnh xc 1; 1,5.

2.5 KH P K THY NGN
L dng c dng o p sut kh quyn , y l dng c o kh
p chnh xc nht
2.5 P K THY NGN
P
b
= h .
Hg
Sai s c 0,1mm
Nu s dng loi ny lm p k chun thi phi xt
n mi trng xung quanh, do thng c km
theo 1 nhit k o nhit mi trng xung
quanh hiu chnh.

2.6 CHN KHNG K MCLEOD
i vi mi trng c chn khng cao, p sut tuyt i nh ngi ta
c th ch to dng c o p sut tuyt i da trn nh lut nn p
on nhit ca kh l tng.
2.6 CHN KHNG K MCLEOD
Nguyn l : Khi nhit khng i th p sut
v th tch t l nghch vi nhau.
P
1
V
1
= P
2
. V
2
Loi ny dng ta o chn
khng
.

u tin gi bnh Hg sao cho mc Hg ngay
nhnh ng 3. Ni P
1
(p sut cn o) vo ri
nng bnh ln n khi c lch p l h =>
trong nhnh kn c p sut P
2
v th tch V
2
.

2.6 CHN KHNG K MCLEOD



Nu V2 << V1 th ta b qua V2 mu
Nu gi l hng s th dng c s c thang
chia u
Khong o n 10
-5
mm Hg.
Ngi ta thng dng vi V
1max
= 500 cm
3
, ng knh
ng d = 1 2,5 mm

2 1
2( 1 ) 1 1
2
1
1 2
P P h
V P h P V
h V
P
V V

= +
+ =
=

2
1
1
h V
P
V

=
2
1
V
V
2.6 CHN KHNG K MCLEOD
u im:
n gin v ng tin cy
c s dng lm mc kim tra cc dng c
o p sut km chnh xc hn
Nhc im
Khng cho c s liu lin tc
Ch o c p sut tnh
C th b h hi bi hi thy ngn
2.7 P K PISTON
Ch yu dng trong phng th nghim c chnh xc cao, dng cn
chnh ng h.

2.7 P K PISTON
Khe h gia pt tng v xi lanh S phi thch hp. Nu S nh th
ma st ln => nhy km. Nu S ln => du lt ra ngoi nhiu
=> khng chnh xc.
S
pt
= 0,5 cm
2
mi cht dng l du bin p hay du ha hoc du
tua bin hoc du khong.
Ty thuc vo khong p sut cn o m chn nht du thch
hp. Khi np du thng np vo khong 2/3 xi lanh. Thng
dng loi ny lm p k chun kim tra cc loi khc.
Hn o trn thng : 2,5 ; 6,0 ; 250 ; 600 ; 2 500 ; 10 000 ; 25 000
kG/cm
2

CCX = 0,2 0,02.
c im ca loi p k pt-tng th trc khi s dng phi kim
tra li cc qu cn.

2.8 VI P K KIU PHAO
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:








Cht lng lam vic la thy ngn hay du bin p

p
1

p
2

h
2

h
1

1
3
4
5
6
7
2
1.Binh ln
2.Binh nh
3.Phao
4.Kim ch th
5,6 &7) Van
2.8 VI P K KIU PHAO
Gi s p
1
>p
2
, cht lng lm vic trong binh (1) h
xung, trong binh (2) dng ln. dch chuyn ca
phao:



Trong F l tit din ng ln, f l tit din ng nh
l khi lng ring cht lng lm vic, l khi lng ring
cht lng cn o, p
1
,p
2
l p sut a vo ng nh v ln.

dch chuyn kim ch hoc o bng cm bin o
dch chuyn.

( )
( )
1 1 2
1
.
1
m
h p p
F
g
f

=
| |
+
|
\ .
m


2.8 VI P K KIU PHAO
b) c im:
Kt cu cng kng,
Cp chnh xc cao (1; 1,5),
Cha cht lng c hi.
o p sut tnh khng ln hn 25MPa.
2.9 VI P K KIU CHUNG
a) Cu to va nguyn l lam vic:









Chung 1 nhng trong cht lng lm vic trong bnh 2

dx
p
1

p
2

dy
3
p
1

p
2

A
B
3
dH
a) Khi p
1
= p
2
b) Khi p
1
> p
2

1
2
1.Chung
2.Binh cha
3.Ch th
2.9 VI P K KIU CHUNG
Khi p
1
= p
2
, chung v tr cn bng.
Khi p
1
> p
2
, chung dch chuyn ln trn.
dch chuyn ca chung:


Trong H l dch chuyn ca chung, f l din tch tit din
trong ca chung, l din tch tit din thnh chung, l
khi lng ring cht lng lm vic, l k.l.r cht lng cn o.
dch chuyn H kim ch hoc o bng cm
bin o dch chuyn.
( )
( )
2 1
m
p p .
g . f
f
H
A
=
f A m

2.9 VI P K KIU CHUNG


b) c im:
chnh xc cao;
o c p sut thp v p sut chn khng.

2.10 CCH LP T
Tt c cc loi p k cht lng thng dng k trn c th
c dung o p sut d ti 1 im hay o hiu p sut ti
2 im ty thuc vo cch mc p k vo trong h thng.
Trng hp cn o ng thi nhiu im ta dung p k dy
cc u ng o p ca p k c lp vo cc phn t tip
nhn p sut, b tr ti cc im o tng ng. Ch rng o
s khng ca p k cn phi thng vi kh tri P
b
. c
chnh mc cht lng cng tc trong cc ng o vi ng o p
s khng P
b
ta s c cao ct cht lng h
1
tng ng.
o hiu p sut ti hai im o ta ni 2 u ca p k vo
2 phn t tip nhn p sut b tr ti 2 im o tng ng.
Trng lng ct cht lng cng tc trong ng o s cn bng
vi hiu p sut 2 im o.

3. P K BIN DNG
3.1. p k l xo
3.2. p k mng
3.3. p k ng tr
3.4. p k kiu n xp(ng siphon hay hp
mng)
3.5. p k ng bourdon
3.1 AP K L XO
Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:

Vt liu: ng thau, hp kim nh, thp cacbon,
thp gi.
p
b) L xo nhiu vng c) L xo xon

p
N
1

N
r

N
a) L xo mt vng

R
2a
2b
A
A
3.1 AP K L XO
L xo l mt ng lim loi un cong, mt u gi c
nh, mt u t do. Khi a cht lu vo trong
ng, p sut tc dng ln thnh ng lm ng b bin
dng.
Khi p = p
0
, l xo trng thi cn bng.
Khi (p > p
0
), l xo gin , ngc li (p < p
0
) l xo co
li u t do dch chuyn.
3.1 AP K L XO
Bin thin gc tm ():
h s poisson.
Y modun Young.
R bn knh cong.
h b dy thnh ng.
a , b cc bn trc ca tit din ovan
, cc h s ph thuc tit din ngang ca ng
x = Rh/a
2
tham s chnh ca ng
2 2 2
2 2
1
. 1
R b
p
Y bh a x
v o

|
| |
A =
|
+
\ .
3.1 AP K L XO
Lc cn bng u t do:


Lc hng knh:


Lc tng hp:
p k
cos . sin sin 4 3
sin
.
x
s 48
a
b
1 pab N
1
2 2
2
t
=
+

+ c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p k
cos . sin
cos
.
x
s 48
a
b
1 pab N
2
2 2
2
r
=


+ c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
kp p . k k N
2
2
2
1
= + =
k
1
,k
2
l hng s cng ca l xo
3.1 AP K L XO
b) c im:
Cu to n gin,
Gc quay phu thuc hinh dng: loi mt vng gc quay nho, loi
nhiu vng hoc l xo xon gc quay ln.
Phm vi o phu thuc vt liu:
+ng thau: < 5 MPa,
+ Hp kim nh hoc thp <1.000 Mpa
+ Thp gio >1.000 Mpa.
i vi loi p k l xo ng thi dch chuyn khi b bin dng
rt t, tng gc bin dng ngi ta dng mt ng nhiu vng
xon dng ng ren vt, hoc dng t ghi. Loi ny c th o p
sut t

3.2 AP K MNG





3.2 AP K MNG
a) Cu to va nguyn ly lam vic:
Mng n hi: ch to bng thp (trn phng hoc
un np)





Mng phng
D
h
p
Mng un np
D
h
p
1.3. p k an hi
3.2 P K MNG
Mng deo: ch to bng vi tm cao su (thng hoc
tm cng).
a)Mang phng
D
h
p
1
Mang
b) Mang un np
p
1
D
h
Mang
c)Mang tm cng
D
h
p
1
Mang
Tm kim loi
p
0 p
0
p
0
3.2 P K MNG
Ngoi cc l xo ng, l xo xon, ngi ta cn s dng
cc mng va mng hp lm cc phn t n hi cho
cc p k. Mng thng dng tm trn, di tc dng
ca p sut ca cht khi hoc cht lng mng s bi bin
dng. S bin dng ca mng ty l vi p sut cn o,
mng c th c lm bng kim loi nh: thp y10,
y10A, cht deo, cao su. Chiu dy ca mng (0,06-1,5)
mm i vi mng kim loi cn phi kim loi c chiu dy
t (0,1-5) mm
Mng c th c nhiu dng khc nhau. Gii hn o ca
p k mng thng bi hn ch t 0,2 n 25 hoc 30at,
dch chuyn ln nht ca mng (1,5 2) mm

3.2 AP K MNG
Di tc dng ca p sut trn hai mt mng chnh lch
Ap = p
1
-p
0
mng bin dng, tm mng dch chuyn.
vong ca tm mng n hi:
( )
3
4
2
Yh
R . p
1
16
3 A
v = o + Loi phng:
4
4
3
3
Yh
R . p
h
b
h
a
A
=
o
+
o
=
+ Loi un np:
a, b: cc h s ph thuc dy v hnh dng ca mng
v: h s poison, h : dy ca mng, R: bn knh
: dch chuyn tm mng, Y : modun Young
o
3.2 AP K MNG
Lc di chuyn tm mng deo:




ng sut cc i:


p .
12
D
N
2
A
t
=
+ Loi thng:
( )
p .
12
d Dd D
N
2 2
A
+ + t
=
+ Loi tm cng:
D l ng knh mng,
d l ng knh a cng
| |
2
max
2
0, 666
u
PR
h
o o = s
3.2 AP K MNG
b) c im:
Cu to n gin, d lp t.
dch chuyn ca tm mng l hm phi
tuyn ca p sut o =f(Ap) ( phi tuyn ca
mng phng ln hn mng un np), phi
tuyn tng khi o tng.
Phm vi o: ph thuc loi v vt liu ch to
mng (mng n hi o p sut ln, mng deo
o p sut nh).
3.3 AP K NG TR
3.3 AP K NG TR
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:
J
1

J
2

J
4

J
3

a) S cu to
b) V tr gn CB bin dng
c
1

c
2

r
e
L
Vt liu: thp, ng
3.3 AP K NG TR
Quan h gi p sut v bin dng:



chuyn tn hiu c (bin dng) thnh tn hiu
in s dng CB o bin dng.


p k
e
r
.
Y
p
2
1
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
v
= c - Bin dng ngang:
- Bin dng dc:
2 2
1
. .
2
p r
k p
Y e
c v
| |
= =
|
\ .
r: bn knh trong ca ng, e: chiu dy thnh ng
3.4 P K KIU N XP
Loi p sut n
Loi 2 p sut
3.4 P K KIU N XP
ng siphon l mt hp hinh tru c thnh mng,
dng sng. Thng ng c lm bng ng thanh
hoc thp khng ri, chiu dy ca mng l 0,1 mm.
Di tc dng ca p sut (t bn trong hoc bn
ngoi ng) ca cht lng hoc cht khi tc dng ln
thnh ca ng lm n b bin dng lm bc S ca
ng b thay i. S thay i ny ty l vi p sut
cn o.

3.4 AP K KIU N XP
o
2R
b

2R
ng

r
p
ng knh ng t 8 -
100mm, chiu dy thnh
0,1 0,3 mm.
Vt liu: l ng, thp
cacbon hoc thp hp
kim....

3.4 AP K KIU N XP
dch chuyn (o) ca y di tc dng ca lc
chiu trc (N):

2
b 0 2
2
1 0
0
2
R / h B A A A
n
Yh
1
. N
+ o + o

v
= o

( ) p R R
5
N
2
tr ng
A +
t
= Vi
(n - s np lm vic; o - gc bt kn; A
0
, A
1
, B
0
- cc h s ph
thuc kt cu)
3.4 AP K KIU N XP
c im:
Kch thc ln;
Kh ch to;
dch chuyn (o) trong phm vi tuyn tnh ln;


3.5 AP K NG BOURDON


a) Dng un
b) Dng xon
3.5 P K NG BOURDON
ng Bourdon l mt ng cong ngn, mt u bt kn.
Khi ng b tc dng p sut, n c xu hng dui
thng ra. Chuyn ng ny t l vi p sut tc dng.
S dch chuyn c th l chuyn ng thng hay
chuyn ng gc quay.
Mt cm bin v tr nh chit p bin tr con trt
pot (potentiometers) hoc bin tr mng mng c th
chuyn i s dch chuyn ny thnh tn hiu in.
Cc cm bin dng ng Bourdon sn c vi phm vi
o t 30 n 100.000 [psi]. Cc ng dng in hinh
l cc u o p sut hi hay p sut nc.


3.5 P K NG BOURDON
y l loi p k c s dng rng rai nht trong cng
nghip va nghin cu khoa hc. L xo ng l chi tit quan
trng trong dng c, n c th c tit din ngang khc nhau
ty thuc vo gia tr p sut cn o. Phm vi o t (0,05-
40,0) Mpa, c khi ti 1000 Mpa. chnh xc 0,1%.
Cp chnh xc t 1-2,5. Dng c n nh nhit o (-30 ..
50)
0
C
Nu ti s h/b>0,7 gi l loi thnh dy
<=0,7 gi l loi thnh mng
Vt liu lm l xo thng l ng hoc ng photpho.
Thng thng, mt u l xo ng c ni vi mi trng
o cn2 u kia bt kn. Di tc dng ca p sut, u t do
s bin dng va dch chuyn i 1 lng:

3.5 P K NG BOURDON

Trong o:
P p sut cn o (Mpa)
A,b,h cc kch thc na bn trc va chiu dy ca ng (mm)

0
bn knh cong ban u ca ng (mm)
E moun n hi ca vt liu ng (Mpa)
- h s poisson ca vt liu;
0
- gc tm ban u
o,| - cc h s phu thuc ty s a/b, va c chn trong s tay


( )
( )
2 3
2
2 2
2 2
1
. 1 sin (1 cos )
o
o o o
b
W P
hbE
a

o

| _

| |
= +
|
|
+
\ .
2
o
h
a

_ =
4. P K IN
chuyn i tn hiu trung gian thnh tn hiu in
ngi ta dng cc b chuyn i Theo cch chuyn i,
ngi ta chia lm 2 loi:
Bin i s dch chuyn ca phn t bin dng thnh
tn hiu o.Thng dng l: cun cm, cm bin vi sai
,in dung , in tr...
Bin i ng sut thnh tn hiu o . Cc b chuyn
i l cc phn t p in v p tr
4. P K IN
4.1. Ap k p tr
4.2. Ap k p in
4.3. Ap k in dung
4.4. Ap k in cm
4.1 AP K AP TR
4.1 AP K AP TR
4.1 AP K AP TR
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:
silic N (1)
Bn dn P (2)

Dy dn (3)

R
1

R
2

R
3

R
4

J
T

60
o

b) V tr gn
in tr trn mng

a) S cu to
4.1 P K P TR
Cm bin p tr gm silic loi N trn c khuch tn tp cht
to thnh lp bn dn loi P, mt trn c bc cch in v c 2
tip xc kim loi ni dy dn
Mng nh hng c gn 4 cm bin p tr , trong c 2 cm
bin t tm v 2 cm bin t bin to vi nhau 1 gc
60
0
.Nh vy,bin thin in tr ca 2 cp cm bin khi c ng
sut ni s bng nhau nhng tri du:
R1= R3= -R2=- R4= R
o bin thin in tr, ngi ta dng mch cu,khi hai
u ng cho cu c nui bng dng 1 chiu s l


1 2 3 4
( )
4
m
I
V R R R R I R = A A + A A = A
4.1 AP K AP TR
Di tc dng ca lc do p sut sinh ra, in tr ca p
tr bin thin:


in p ra c dng:


Ngi ta cng c th b tr nh hng ca nhit bng
cch thm b hiu chnh nhit thng qua u d J
t


to =
A
0
R
R
(t - h s p tr; o - ni ng sut)
0 m
V IR t o = Vi tinh th ~ 4.10-10 m2/N
4.1 AP K AP TR
c im:
Kch thc nho;
D lp t;
Khong nhit lm vic - 40
o
C n 125
o
C ; ph thuc
vo pha tp
4.1 AP K AP TR
Mch o:
Cc in tr cm bin c th
c kt ni hoc vo mt mch
cu na hoc mch cu ton phn
kiu cu Wheatstone, trong hai
in tr tng tr s vi p sut
dng trong khi hai in tr kia
gim tr s ca chng.
4.1 AP K AP TR
in p vi sai u ra:


Bi vi s thay i in tr t l thun vi p sut, c th
tnh in p ra ca cu bng:


S : l nhy (mV/V) ng vi mi psi
P : p sut (psi)
V
B
: in p cung cp cho cu (V)
V
off
: sai s nh thin offset (in p vi sai u ra khi p sut bng 0)

.
out B
R
V V
R
A
=
( )
out B off
V S P V V = + +
out
V
L in tr thay i trong cc
nhnh cu
R A
4.2 AP K AP IN
a) Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:

p
b) B chuyn i dng tm
-Q
Trc quang
Trc in
d
D
c) B chuyn i dng ng

4.2 AP K AP IN
p sut (p) lc F tc ng ln bn p in xut
hin in tch Q:

(k - hng s p in,trong trng hp thch anh k=2,22.10
-2
C/N;
S - din tch hu ch ca mng)


(D, d - ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca phn t p in;
h - chiu cao phn ph kim loi)


kpS kF Q = =
- Loi tm:
- Loi ng:
2 2
d D
dh 4
kF Q

=
4.2 AP K AP IN
b) c im:
Hi p tn s tt (o c p sut thay i
nhanh)
Nhy cm vi s thay i nhit
Gii hn trn ca p sut o 2,5 100 Mpa
Cp chnh xc t c 1,5: 2

4.3 P K IN DUNG
a) Cu to va nguyn ly lam vic

p
1
2 4
a) T n
b) T kep
p
1

p
2

1
2
3
5
1. Bn cc ng
2&3. Bn cc tnh

4.
5. Du silicon
4
4.3 P K IN DUNG
Hnh b l mt b bin i in dung kiu vi sai gm
hai bn cc tnh (2) vs (3) gn vi cht in mi
cng (4), kt hp vi mng (1) nm gia hai bn cc
to thnh hai t in C
12
v C
13
. Khong trng
gia cc bn cc v mn in y bi du silicon (5)
Cc p sut p
1
v p
2
ca hai mi trng o tc ng
ln mng, lm mng dch chuyn gia hai bn cc
tnh v to ra tn hiu i
m
t l vi p sut gia 2 mi
trng
4.3 AP K IN DUNG
o + o
c =
0
s
C
- T n:
Khi p tng: o gim C tng: C=f(o).
hng s in mi ca cch in gia 2 bn cc

0
khong cch gia cc bn cc khi p sut bng 0
dch chuyn ca mng
4.3 AP K IN DUNG
- T kp:hai bn cc tnh (2) v (3) kt hp vi
mng (1) nm gia 2 bn cc to thnh t
in C12 v C13
;
s
C
12 0
12
o + o
c =
13 0
13
s
C
o + o
c =
Khi p1 >p2: o12 tng C12 gim, o13
gim C13 tng.
Bin thin dng in trong mch (ngun
nui cung cp):
) p p ( K
C C
C C
K i
2 1
13 12
12 13
1 m
=
+

=
4.3 AP K IN DUNG
bin i in dung C thnh tn hiu o lng
,thng dng mch cu xoay chiu hoc mch
vng cng hng LC.
b) c im:
Phm vi o: < 120 MPa,
Sai s (0,2 - 5)%.

4.4 P K IN CM
4.4 AP K IN CM
a) Ap k in cm kiu khe t bin thin:
Cu to & nguyn ly lam vic:
1.Tm st t
2.Mng n hi
3.Loi st t
4.Cun dy
5.V
p
1
3
4
o
5
2
4.4 AP K IN CM
Khi p thay i mng n hi bin dng o thay
i t tr thay i t cm L thay i.



W s vng dy ca cun dy.
l
tb
, S
tb
: chiu di v din tch trung bnh ca li t.
, S
0
chiu di v tit din khe khng kh.
,
0
t thm ca li t v khng kh.






( ) ( )
0 0 tb tb
2
S / S / l
W
L
o +
=
4.4 AP K IN CM


Vi = kp ,o bin thin (L) bng mch cu hoc
mch cng hng LC.





kp
S
. W L
0
0
2
=

o
=
0
0
2
S
. W L
B qua t tr gng t:
4.4 P K IN CM
b) Ap k in cm kiu bin p vi sai:







Hai cun dy (5) & (6) ging nhau, u ngc pha..
1
p
E
U
r

2
5
6
4
3
R
1

I
1

R
2

1.L xo vng
2.B bin i
3.Li thp
4. Cun s cp
5&6. Cun th
cp
4.4 P K IN CM
u ra ca cun th cp ni vi in tr
R1,cho php iu chnh gii hn o trong
phm vi
Nguyn l: dng in I
1
chy trong cun s
cp sinh ra t thng bin thin trong hai na
cun th cp, lm xut hin trong hai na
cun dy ny sut in ng cm ng e
1
v
e
2
:
25%
in p ca ra:
o
o
t
=
max
max 1
ra
M fI 2
V
4.4 P K IN CM
Sc in ng trong cun th cp:
( ) M fI 2 M M fI 2 e e E
1 2 1 1 2 1
t = t = =
M
max
h s h cm ng vi dch chuyn ln nht ca li
thep o
max,
M
1
v M
2
l h cm gia cc cun s cp v cc
na cun th cp

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