RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ATELECTASIS

CONGENITAL = ATELECTASIS NEONATORUM

ACQUIRED = LUNG COLLAPSE

Def : Incomplete / non- expansion of lung alveoli in newborn.

Def : Deflation of fully aerated alveoli in adult.

TYPES OF LUNG COLLAPSE :

1) OBSTRUCTIVE Due to obstruction of an airway 2) COMPRESSION Due to external pressure on the lung 3) CONTRACTION Local / generalized fibrotic changes

LUNG DISEASES
OBSTRUCTIVE
TLC & FVC FEV1 FEV1/FVC Examples
normal/increased decreased decreased Chronic bronchitis

RESTRICTIVE
reduced normal/reduced near normal Pneumonitis

Bronchial asthma
Emphysema

Pneumoconiosis

Def : Increased resistance to air flow due to partial / incomplete obstruction at any level

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Def : Persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.

Causes : chronic irritation of the bronchial mucosa

- smoking - air pollution - chronic inflammation of URT

Incidence : Occur in middle-aged men

M/E

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Def : Recurrent attacks of widespread bronchoconstriction in response to various stimuli.

EXTRINSIC BA
10 % Children & young adults

ITEMS
INCIDENCE AGE 90 %

INTRINSIC BA

Adults

Positive

HISTORY

No

Exogenous bacterial antigen e.g; house dust, pollens

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

STIMULI

Exposure to cold, physical exercise, emotion, anxiety

ETIOPATHOGENESIS

Increased vagal reactivity of airways to various types of stimuli

Good

PROGNOSIS

Bad

Curschmanns spiral

Charcot-Leyden crystals

EMPHYSEMA
Def : Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of its wall without obvious fibrosis. Incidence : - common - males > females - more in smokers

Types : - Centriacinar ( Centrilobular) - Panacinar ( Panlobular)

- Distal ( Paraseptal)
- Irregular

CENTRIACINAR EMPHYSEMA

Pathogenesis : - protease-antiprotease imbalance theory - oxidant-antioxidant imbalance theory

N/E

M/E

PANACINAR EMPHYSEMA

Pathogenesis

N/E

M/E

PARASEPTAL EMPHYSEMA

Bullous Emphysema

SUPPURATIVE LUNG DISEASES

BRONCHIECTASIS

LUNG ABSCESS

Permanent dilatation of medium-

Localized suppurative

sized bronchi and bronchioles

caused by chronic suppurative inflammation in their walls and surrounding lung tissue

inflammation characterized
by necrosis of lung tissue

BRONCHIECTASIS
N/E

M/E

LUNG ABSCESS
N/E

INHALATION LUNG ABSCESS

Common Inhaled infected material More in rt lung, usually lower lobes Single Variable Related to small bronchi

ITEMS

PYAEMIC LUNG ABSCESS

INCIDENCE ETIOLOGY SITE

Less common Pulmonary pyaemia Both lungs, usually peripheral Multiple Uniform Related to small blood vessels

NUMBER SIZE & SHAPE RELATION

Pleurisy, chronicity

COMPLICATION

No