AS PE Anatomy & Physiology

James Barraclough Lesson 10: Basic Mechanics

Aims: Basic Mechanics

Objectives: ALL to Deliver PowerPoint presentation to class on: Application of force in sport Linear, angular & general motion Newtons laws of motion (1st, 2nd & 3rd) Give examples of all above from own sport

Application of Force in Sport

Sport could not occur without force e.g.: Hitting golf ball Coming out of blocks in athletics Braking in motor sports Changing direction (e.g. Dodging/sidestepping) Changing shape (e.g. Landing on crash mat) 3 factors need to be accounted for when considering force in sport: 1. Size of force 2. Point of application of force 3. Direction in which force acts

Application of Force in Sport

e.g. Sprinter out of blocks Part 1 = large force applied by contraction of muscles (larger force = greater acceleration) i.e. Size of force Part 2 = force generated by muscles is frictional force occurring at point where spikes touch starting blocks i.e. Point of application Part 3 = friction opposes motion so as spikes push down/back frictional force causes sprinter to move forward
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=By1JQFxfLMM

Newtons First Law Law of Inertia

Every body at rest, or moving with constant velocity in a straight line, will continue in that state unless compelled to change by an external force exerted upon it
i.e. An object will not change its state of motion (still or moving) unless something else (an external force) acts upon it Examples: Sprinter running at constant speed Cyclist going at constant speed Swimmer swimming at constant speed Any vehicle going at constant speed Any sportsperson standing still

Newtons Second Law Law of Acceleration

the acceleration of a body is proportional to the force causing it, and the acceleration takes place in the direction in which that force acts Our sprinter should apply max possible force & accelerate to constant speed & maintain that speed Why then would sprinter slow down? Physiological effects e.g. Depletion of energy stores needed for muscular contraction (ATP & PC) Effects of air resistance (very small)

Slowing down = change in velocity = deceleration 100m runners tend to decelerate c.80-90m Winner may be one that decelerates least!

Newtons Third Law Action/Reaction Law

when one object exerts a force on a second object, there is a force equal in magnitude (size) but opposite in direction exerted by the second object on the first In other words: to every action there is an equal & opposite reaction Sprinter experiences force propelling them forward According to this law as push down/back on blocks blocks pushed athlete up/forwards out of blocks (with force of equal magnitude/size)

Newtons Third Law Action/Reaction Law

Other sporting examples: Kicking a football 1st law states exerting force will set it in motion; 3rd law states ball will exert equal/opposite force on foot High jumper exerts force on ground for height/upward acceleration reaction force must be more than athletes weight force i.e. Reaction force = weight force + internal muscle force http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH48Lc7wq0U&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QCj1AjlWk0&feature=fvw

Centre of Mass (COM)

Where weight of object tends to be concentrated & balanced in all directions

i.e. point where object/body balanced in all directions

e.g. Spherical objects like a shot mass distributed symmetrically around centre (therefore its centre of mass)

Centre of Mass (COM)

Humans irregular shapes so COM harder to find When stood upright/still COM = around navel When we move this point changes e.g. Arm above head moves up body e.g. Arm adducted to right moves slightly right COM not necessarily in actual physical matter of an object e.g. Quoit/ring COM in hole With athletes sometimes COM outside body e.g. Fosbury flop technique in high jump COM outside body/underneath bar

COM changes during event

Activity: COM changes

Stability & Balance

Stability = ability of object to resist motion & remain at rest

More stable = more able to resist motion

Stability needed in sport to balance or for example in defensive positions (front foot) Factors affecting stability & balance: Mass of the body/object greater mass = greater stability Size of support base larger support base = greater stability Height of COM lower COM = greater stability Number of points of contact with ground more points = greater stability

Stability & Balance

Position of COM important to maintain balance

Objects/people stay balanced if COM stays directly over base of support

When COM moves away from base of support object becomes more unstable E.g. Gymnast on balance beam when COM moves outside beam gymnast becomes unstable & will fall!

If COM lowered or base of support increased object/body becomes more stable e.g.: Martial artist has wide stance to resist attack Boxer the same to stay on feet

Types of Motion

3 recognised types of motion: 1. Linear 2. Angular 3. General

Linear Motion
Movement of body/object in straight line
When all parts of body move same distance, in same direction at same time e.g. Waterskier Curvilinear motion = linear motion in curved line (e.g. Shuttlecock in flight)

Occurs when force applied through COM of body e.g. Driven pass
Force passing through COM causing linear motion = DIRECT FORCE

Angular Motion (rotation)

Occurs when all parts of body/object move in circle (or part of circle) around fixed axis of rotation e.g. Spinning ice skater rotates about longitudinal axis (through body from top to bottom) Moving arms/legs when swimming/running are angular motion because they move about axis of rotation (joints) Force passing outside COM of body causing angular motion is ECCENTRIC FORCE

General Motion

Combination of linear & angular motion Most common in sport e.g. Running/swimming trunk moves linearly & arms/legs move angularly

Next Week

Homework: Revision for test on basic mechanics