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ARCHITECTURAL THESIS REPORT

University School Of Planning & Architecture


Kashmere Gate - 110006

Sumanyu Vasist
0441731604/ B.Arch/ U.S.A.P/ Semester X
2008 - 2009
To The Reader

To The Reader

This thesis report marks the impression of the five years of


the school life. Architectural education gave many
experiences, some were dark, some were light and some
were shades of grey.

This thesis report is also the combination of many thoughts,


patterns, systems, fun, innovations and notions in the
wonderful school life.

The school life and environment have taught many things ,


here are some of them

Hope the reader finds this effort a worth.


INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
Section A1 / Page 1
Brief Description of Project

TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES in collaboration with its sister company TATA


BP SOLAR is developing an IT TRAINING FACILITY.

The IT TRAINING FACILITY aims to be an high-tech, ultra modern building with


latest facilities and amenities.

In the emerging global energy concerns TATA wants to demonstrate their concerns
and intent to play an vital role in global energy conservation initiatives. This project would echo the
same.

TATA BP SOLAR, a daughter company of TATA and sister company of TATA


CONSULTANCY SERVICES have taken keen interest in solar power generation through
photovoltaic applications in India. Hence, they both are coming together to express the greater intent
of TATA with this project. And would intent to make an advanced IT TRAINING FACILITY on
Solar Power.

IT TRAINING FACILITY is dedicated for training purposes of the IT professionals


and is directed to facilitate students, trainees & professionals.

The facility would encourage Training Programme, Lectures, Class-room study and
cultural programmes and other interactive activities. The user group would include Trainees,
Students, Faculty, Management Staff & Visitors.
Section A2 / Page 2
Thesis issue

Issues:

Basically, there is intent to demonstrate an upcoming solar technology of Integrated


Photovoltaic Application in the Indian Urban Context.

Here in, we wish to investigate greater dimensions of solar technology of PV in


building design. And aim to run an IT facility using the solar power purely generated by the PV
technology.

There is an emphasis on the Integrated PV because of its dual advantage of being a


building element or material and also the generator of solar power. Overall it’s an answer to the
advanced urban aspiration from hi-tech, green and clean technology.

The aspects of architecture and architectural design it will investigate the potential
of the application of Photovoltaic technology in the building design. Since sunlight is the basis of PV,
it would be reflected in the architectural design too. It is obvious that the building design would fully
respect the solar geometry of the region. The project might ultimately be able to demonstrate the
effectiveness of this technology (BiPV) in commercial applications.

The relevance of these issues is immense with the growing awareness on the
significance of solar energy in building design and construction. The emerging concerns for
environmental protection and global energy saving have introduced new architectural rules. The
solution is seen in the upcoming building technology and its apt applications.

The chosen project particularly suited to the issues which are intended to be
investigated as IT centre have all the components which make a typical case for advanced urban
aspirations and it would give an opportunity to demonstrate the intrinsic aspects of this bio-
mimicked technology of PV in an challenging way.
Section A3 / Page 3
Design Idea: Diagram / Ideogram

Shade & Shelter


Building

Solar cells actually play the game of nature. They are like little leaves in the
forest. Solar cells take the energy from the sun & they project a shadow to
create a canopy
Section A4 / Page 4
Design Trigger: Ecological Footprint

World Ecological Footprint


•Today humanity uses the equivalent of 1.3 planets to provide the
resources we use and absorb our waste. This means it now takes the
Earth, one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
Bio capacity
Energy
Consumptions

India
•Rising difference between bio-capacity and ecological footprint
Section A5.1 / Page 5
The Site: Gurgaon.

Alarming Facts about Gurgaon (TERI 2003)


There is a widening gap between the demand and supply of electricity as the
annual demand and consumption are increasing at a rate of 17-20% whilt supply
is increasing only at 5-7%.
About quarter of the electricity supplied (20- 25%) is lost in transmission and
distribution.
Most commercial and high-rise residential buildings are operated on 100%
captive power plants that run on high –speed diesel. This has increased air
pollution and higher level of particulate matter.

It was intended to have a project in Gurgaon due to mentioned reasons.


What would be better site to demonstrate the intent.
Section A5.2 / Page 6
The Site: Climatic Data

From different sources


Section A5.3 / Page 7
The Site: At different levels and views

Google Image with site marked


Section A5.4 / Page 8
The Site & Surroundings

IT TRAINING FACILITY SITE

•The site is at the city edge


•Sector 15, Gurgaon (near 32nd
Mile stone), on NH-8
•The greater proximity
includes IBM building, DLF
Star Mall, Engineers India
limited Gurgaon, IFFCO
•The near by buildings are
32nd Milestone, Gabraiel India,
Galaxy. Police station and
Central Cottage India
Emporium
•Site North-South oriented
•Have a larger southern edge
•Uninterrupted sunlight
throughout the day because of
its position and orientation

Google Image with site marked


Section A5.5 / Page 9
The Site : photographs

Galaxy Road Junction


Police Station

32nd Milestone

Plotted Houses

Warehouses

Road Junction

Site Green Belt

Photographs by self as on May-June 2009


Section A6.1 / Page 10
Site Analysis: Shadow Study of a Block
21 st December
Shortest day of the
year Shadow study:
Done for the shortest day and
06:00 Hrs 12:00 Hrs 18:00 Hrs the longest day of the year

08:00 Hrs 14:00 Hrs

10:00 Hrs 16:00 Hrs


21 st June
Longest day of the
year

06:00 Hrs 12:00 Hrs 18:00 Hrs

08:00 Hrs 14:00 Hrs

For maximum hours of the day, sunlight


on the southern side fall directly on the
10:00 Hrs 16:00 Hrs building facade
Section A6.2 / Page 11
Site Analysis: FAR vs Ground Coverage Study

This was realized that for the desired FAR and Ground Coverage the building of G+3 is desirable.
Also for going beyond three, there is a by-law to add a passenger lift, which is undesirable because
of the energy related to it.
CASE STUDIES
Section B1 / Page 12
Case Studies
Section B2 / Page 13
Case Studies
Section B3 / Page 14
Case Studies
Section B4 / Page 15
Case Studies
METHODOLOGY
Section C / Page 16
The Overall Methodology

Yes
THE `WHOLE’ BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
Section C1.1 / Page 17
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Naturally Integrated:
Natural integration refers the way that the PV system
forms a logical, natural part of the building. The
system completes the building.

Architecturally Pleasing:
The PV system add eye-catching features to the design of the building. The building
looks attractive and PV system improves the design. This is a very subjective issue, but
there is no doubt that people find some building more pleasing than others
Section C1.1 / Page 18
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined
Well Contextualized:
The total image of the building is in
harmony with the PV system and match the
context of the building The entire
appearance of the building is consistent
with the PV system used and vice –versa. A
high-tech PV system is used for a high-tech
building.

The Form and Color:


Solar cells here are blue (as the blue color cells have highest efficiency). The color of the cells is the color of the whole surface which
looks like one. Frameless molecules give a very harmonious impression as they are not disturbed by the frames in the façade.
Section C1.2 / Page 19
Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Orientation And Angles:


The whole building is oriented towards North South. The PV façade which is
the face with maximum PV application is tilted towards the south , which have
maximum exposure to sun.
All openings are at North to gain the benefits of North Light and east-west
walls are blank

NORTH

SOUTH
Section C1.2 / Page 20
Core Design Issues with Building Integrated Photovoltaic

Urban Aspect:
Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems offer
added functionality beyond power generation. PV
structures can effectively displace conventional
building materials and assist in reducing building
costs.
Integrating with building avoid the transportation
and distribution losses of the value able energy.
Stone Urban Areas cannot have large solar fields to
generate energy from this technology , so
buildings act as the field for the application of the
same.

Steel & Glass Integrated Photovoltaic

Solar Farms away from the city Integrated Photovoltaic application in the city
Section C1.2 / Page 21
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Design is Determined

Warehouse Warehouse

Other property

Underground
water tank

Green Belt

Distance from buildings and Trees:


The Photovoltaic application is at adequate distance from the buildings and trees around. Especially with the green belt at the
south-side, there is no probability for a building to come up from south which may shadow the PV installation.
Section C1.3a / Page 22
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques

The Form:
The overall form of the building is sensitive to the sun movement. The form is
consciously designed for maximum exposure of sunlight to the Building
Integrated Photovoltaic Applications
.
Section C1.3a / Page 23
The Form

Not desirable

Not desirable Form Generation:


Initially the idea was to fully respond to the sun
path diagram. Hence curved form was realized
but since the greater idea was to have maximum
output of the Photovoltaic Application the
straight form was very beneficial
•Maximum exposure to sun
Desirable
•Cost saving in making the building orthogonal
Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all round Section C1.3b / Page 24
the year.
Shadow Study of the Building 22nd March
Status : NO self-shading of the façade = efficiency maximum

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM


Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all round Section C1.3b / Page 25
the year.
Shadow Study of the Building 22nd June
Status : NO self-shading of the façade = efficiency maximum

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM


Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all round Section C1.3b / Page 26
the year.
Shadow Study of the Building 22nd Sept
Status : NO self-shading of the façade = efficiency maximum

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM


Aim : to know the nature of shadow on the façade, all round Section C1.3b / Page 27
the year.
Shadow Study of the Building 22nd Dec
Status : NO self-shading of the façade = efficiency maximum

07:00 AM 08:00 AM 09:00 AM

10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 AM

01:00 PM 02:00 PM 03:00 PM


Section C1.3c / Page 28
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques

Roof:
The Photovoltaic application on roof, with full tracking system add to greater
efficiencies. Roof is the only obvious place where the sunlight is available all
round the year.
Section C1.3c / Page 29
The Roof: Calculations for PV output

Photovoltaic Application on the Roof:


Study done for a unit area of application.
The 2D tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.
The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall form of the building

(3D Tracking)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
                       
618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3d / Page 30
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques
Atrium & Skylights:
Possibly one of the most elaborate and architecturally innovating applications
of Photovoltaic has been in Atria.
Not only the atria is covered with PV, it also provides with multi-functional
use of daylight, shading and passive cooling.
Because of the play of light and shadow, it improves the quality of space
beneath.
Section C1.3e / Page 31
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application Techniques

The Facade:
The application of Integrated Photovoltaic in the façade was an obvious choice
but it was not so easy to do, as the solar angles in this part of the world are
favorable for façade integration. It was a greater challenge to make this
application optimum.
The Integrated Photovoltaic application also replaces the expensive cladding
material which would otherwise be used. Hence, improving on the costs
Section C1.3e / Page 32
Façade: Ideal Approach

Ideal PV installation is the


application of PV at 28 degrees
towards the south side
Section C1.3e / Page 33
Façade: Towards The Section

MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE


AREA FOR PV APPLICATION
•Target to achieve is maximum
surface area
• Would be a major part of the
whole
•Section of the tilted façade.
•What will happen inside?
•Can it act as a shading device
too?
•What would happen to the
internal environment?

WHOLE Profile
Section C1.3e / Page 34
Façade: The Optimization of Façade Angle

MAXIMIZING THE SURFACE


AREA FOR PV APPLICATION
•Target to achieve is maximum
surface area
• Would be a major part of the
whole
•Largest surface area available.
•South oriented.
•Panels at a tilt of 28 degrees.

It is clear that the lesser angle


of the façade the more
efficient the PV installation
becomes

Wastage Factor = 0.25 Wastage Factor = 0.20 Wastage Factor = 0.15

WHOLE Profile
Section C1.3e / Page 35
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade

CASE -A
Shadow Study
Aim :
To know the exact distance
between the two panels
Shadow study would tell the
number of panels in the façade.
Will provide with crucial input
that which mechanism is most
efficient
CASE -B
How: All panels are studies
with their shadows drawn on
important dates. Hence getting
inferences from the
dimensions.

Status: Aim Achieved

Solar Panels
Section C1.3e / Page 36
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 37
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 38
Shadow Study of Panels on Inclined Facade
Section C1.3e / Page 39
Calculations for PV output: Fixed at given angle

  Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total

DEG
0 340 359 492 547 587 541 460 438 430 414 329 315 5252
5 376 384 512 557 589 540 460 443 443 439 362 354 5459
10 408 406 530 564 588 535 458 445 453 461 391 390 5629
15 436 425 544 567 583 537 453 444 461 479 417 421 5767
20 461 441 554 567 576 517 445 441 456 594 439 447 5938
25 482 455 561 564 564 503 435 436 468 505 458 470 5901
30 500 455 564 557 549 486 423 428 467 514 473 489 5905
35 514 472 564 547 531 466 407 417 464 520 486 505 5893
40 526 477 561 533 509 443 390 403 458 522 495 516 5833
45 534 479 554 516 483 416 369 388 449 521 501 528 5738
50 538 478 543 496 455 386 345 369 438 517 504 534 5603
55 540 474 530 472 423 353 318 348 424 511 505 537 5435
60 538 468 512 445 387 317 290 324 408 501 502 537 5229
65 532 458 492 414 348 280 260 299 388 488 496 533 4988
70 524 445 468 378 306 242 230 272 366 472 486 527 4716
75 512 430 440 340 263 202 198 243 340 452 474 517 4411
80 497 411 408 299 219 165 166 213 311 429 459 503 4080
85 479 390 373 256 178 134 137 180 280 403 440 487 3737
90 457 364 334 212 143 112 112 148 247 371 418 467 3385

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles Another inference got from the data is the angle of
Study of a single panel using default settings the façade plane will be 55 Deg
Section C1.3e / Page 40
Shadow Study: Fixed at 28

Shadow study of the Central


panel
Solar Panel Angle= 28 Deg
Façade Angle = 55 Deg

•Shading is no way acceptable

Panel Angle= 28

Façade Angle= 55

Solar panels in elevation (TOWARS SOUTH)


Section C1.3e / Page 41
Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking
Set I
20 25 30 31 32 33 34 35 40 45
Feb 441 455 456 467 468 470 471 472 477 534
Mar 554 561 564 565 565 565 465 564 561 479
Apr 567 564 557 556 554 552 549 547 533 516

Total 1562 1580 1577 1588 1587 1587 1485 1583 1571 1529

The exact angle for maximum PV output for


first quarter of months is 31 Deg

Set II
0 1 2 3 4 5
May 587 587 588 588 589 589
jun 541 541 541 541 540 540
July 460 464 461 461 461 460
The exact angle for maximum PV output for
Second quarter of months is 3 Deg
Total 1588 1592 1590 1590 1590 1589
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3e / Page 42
Calculations for PV output: Four Part Tracking
Set III
10 15 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 35 40
Aug 445 444 441 436 434 433 431 429 428 417 403
Sept 453 461 456 458 468 468 468 467 467 464 458
Oct 461 479 404 505 507 509 511 513 514 520 522

Total 1359 1384 1301 1399 1409 1410 1410 1409 1409 1401 1383

The exact angle for maximum PV output for


first quarter of months is 28 Deg

Set IV
54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Nov 505 505 504 504 503 503 502
Dec 536 537 537 537 537 537 537
Jan 540 540 539 539 539 538 538
The exact angle for maximum PV output for
Second quarter of months is 55 Deg
Total 1581 1582 1580 1580 1579 1578 1577
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3e / Page 43
Calculations for PV output: The Results

Type Description KWh/year % gain or loss


Inferences from the PV panel
No tracking (tilt at 28) 5915 study

4 part tracking 6170 •% gain in going from fixed to


part tracking is 4.8% which
difference 4 part - fixed at 28 255 4.31% would be further discounted
with the energy taken by the
12part tracking 6217 tracking system itself.
difference 12 part-4 part 47 0.76% •% gain from going 4-part
difference 12 part-fixed at 28 302 4.89% tracking to 12 part tracking is
0.76, which will be further
Full tracking (single axis) 7107 discounted by the energy taken
by the tracking system.
difference full-4 part 937 15.18%
•% gain from part tracking and
difference full-fixed 28 1192 20.15% full tracking is huge (14-15%),
hence if tracking is an option,
difference full-12 part 890 14.31%
Full tracking should be highly
efficient.
•% gain from full tracking over
no tracking is immense (~20%).
Hence full tracking system
would be efficient and
eventually be economical

Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles.


Study of a single panel using default settings
Section C1.3e / Page 44
The Façade: Calculations for PV output
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the Facade:
Study done for a unit area of application.
The tracking system adds on to the efficiency of the PV application.
The Tracking system adds to the dynamism of the overall elevation of the
building

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
                       
618 573 693 702 718 662 532 525 558 618 585 605
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months and angles, Determination of Exact angle.
Study of a single panel using default settings
EFFICIENT & CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
Section C2.1 / Page 45
The Wall: Section

Concrete Slab (~200mm)

Extruded Polystyrene ( 1 inch)

Finished with polymerized plaster


and paint with a mesh

Beam (~600mm)

False Ceiling Level

AAC Block (4 inch) inside

Insulation Rockwool (2 inch)

AAC Block (4 inch) outside

Finished with plaster and paint

INTERIOR EXTERIOR
Section C2.1 / Page 46
The Wall: Section

Detail A

AAC Block

Rockwool

AAC Block
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Angle ,cast with the
cast of the slab
Another angle fixed
on site, give base to
ACC block
Extruded Polystyrene
Polymerized Plaster
with white paint
Concrete

INTERIOR EXTERIOR
Section C2.1 / Page 47
The Wall: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete offers several advantages:

•Lightweight: 75 percent lighter than normal concrete.

•Easy to Work: Can be drilled, sawed, chiseled and nailed with


conventional woodworking tools.

•Cost-effective: Reduces construction time and labor

•Energy-saving: AAC blocks alone provide insulating value up to R-1.5


per inch compared with R-0.1 to 0.2 per inch for hollow concrete blocks
and R-1.25 per inch for wood.

•Strong and Stable: Autoclaving gives blocks strength, dimensional


stability and durability.

•Durable: Resists decay and insects.

•Fire Resistant: Does not burn or emit environmentally damaging gases.

•Sound Absorptive: Provides highly effective sound barrier.


How the Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
used ? •Easy Availability on Site: Hindustan Prefab Limited plant at Jangpura,
•Used for exterior and interior wall New Delhi is the plant manufacturing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete in
section Delhi. Low embodied energy.
•Thickness = 4”
•R-Value = 1.07 per inch (IP units) •Environmental Benefits / Reuse: Fly ash which is an harmful industrial
•Wall section includes a double wall residue generated during the combustion of coal. Fly ash is released to
with Rockwood as insulation atmosphere or used in landfills (both of these method have massive
sandwiched between two 4” ACC environmental and health hazards). Here Fly ash is used in the
walls manufacture of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks.
Section C2.1 / Page 48
The Wall: Insulation

Rockwool Insulation Rockwool Insulation offers several advantages:

•Rockwool insulation products are the excellent insulation materials

•Fully safe to use under all conditions

•Dusts released during installation are not classified as hazardous.

•Rockwool is incombustible and can be used as a fire barrier in certain


applications, protecting personnel or the public in case of fire.
How the Rockwool Insulation is used ?
•Used in exterior wall sections •Light weight, easy to install and won't settle over time
•Thickness = 2”
•R-Value = 3.5 per inch (IP units) •Insulation could be recycled in the future, without creating extra
•Wall section includes a double wall demand for landfill
with 2” Rockwool as insulation
sandwiched between two 4” ACC walls
Polystyrene Insulation
Polystyrene Insulation offers several advantages:

•Exceptional ability to insulate against noise and extreme temperatures

•Waterproof and long-lasting

•Light weight & Rigid


How the Polystyrene Insulation is used ?
•Used in exterior wall sections where concrete is exposed
•Thickness = 1”
•R-Value = 4.8 per inch (IP Units)
•Used as foam board for better R Values
Section C2.1 / Page 49
Flooring & Ceiling

Flooring Locally
available
material
Locally
(Jhansi, RJ)
available
material
(Delhi)

Kota stone for passage and service areas Pre-Dressed Indian granite for office floors
Ceilings
Acts as a path for
the return air (see
Air-conditioning)

False ceiling for conditioned areas


Section C2.2 / Page 50
The Window

Low-E Coating
How Window is perceived ?

Air Filled
A window in the
building play a dominant role in
determining the consumption of
electricity for lighting as well as
HVAC. As compared to other parts of
the building envelope, windows offer
much less resistance to the entry of loss Double Panes
of heat

Spacer

Sill
Window in the building:
•Used in exterior wall section
•1/8” Glass used
•R-Value = 3.31 (in IP units)
•Window section includes a double
glass with air gap as insulation.
Weather stripping

Wall
Section C2.2 / Page 51
The use of Glass

Use of Glass offers several advantages:

•Glass is extremely durable.


•Low coefficient of thermal expansion, hence can with stand lower and
higher temperatures.
•Impermeable to gases and moisture.
•Can be fabricated in seal units.
•Can be coated easily.
•Glass is inflammable.

Double Glass with Air Gap


Double Glass with Air Gap offers several advantages:

•The air gap between the two glazing layers is responsible for minimizing
the heat gain
•It is observed that air space between the layers of glass reaches its
Solar Heat Gain optimum insulating value at about 12mm with air filled
Coefficient = 0.63
•No Gas filling is needed as the windows are only in North-Side of the
63% of solar heat building
gain transmitted

Visible Transmittance
= 0.78
78% of visible light
transmitted
EXTERIOR INTERIOR
Section C2.2 / Page 52
Thermally Improved Edge Spacers

Thermally Improved Edge Spacers offers several advantages:

•Accommodate stress induced by thermal expansion and pressure


differences
•Provide moisture barrier that prevents passage of water or water vapor
that would fog the unit
•Provide a gas/air-tight seal that prevents the loss of gas/air
•Create an insulating barrier that reduces the formation of interior
condensation at the edge
•A silicon foam spacer is used over aluminum, stainless steel because of
its great thermal properties, easy application. Compressible, flexible,
conforms to irregular surfaces.

EXTERIOR INTERIOR Low- E Coatings


Low-E Coatings offers several advantages:
Surface 1 exterior of exterior face
•These are useful in multi-pane glazing as our case
Surface 2 interior of exterior face
•The coating provides a break to thermal radiation between warm pane
Surface 3 exterior of interior face of glass to the cooler pane of glass.
Surface 4 interior of interior face •Placement of Low-E coating: In hot climates like in the case, coating on
the #2 surface (inside surface of the outer pane) is generally best to reduce
heat gain from outside to inside
•Coatings are colorless and optically clear
Section C2.2 / Page 53
Bamboo Wood Frames

Bamboo Wood Frames offers several advantages:

•Great thermal performance.

•Easy to mill into complex shapes suitable for windows.

•Attractive interior appearance.

•Easy to repair and maintain with simple tools and materials.

•Harder, more moisture resistant and more stable than even hardwoods

•Bamboo wood attains its full strength in about 4- 5 years time.

•Bamboo wood products are available which do not use Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) as adhesive, which is a general practice in wood.

oMinimal short or long-term impact on health

•Bamboo from managed forests

oBamboo is the fastest growing plant on earth. It is known to produce greater


biomass and 30% more oxygen than a hardwood forest of comparable size, while
improving watersheds, preventing erosion, restoring soil, providing sweet
edible shoots and removing toxins from contaminated soil.

oBamboo helps reduce carbon dioxide gases blamed for global warming. Some
bamboo sequesters up to 12 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare, which makes it a
highly efficient plant, and conducive to fresh air.

oBamboo can restore degraded lands. It is a pioneering plant and can be grown
in soil damaged by overgrazing and poor agriculture.
Section C2.3 / Page 54
Day lighting: Skylight / Light well

Day-lighting strategy :
S N

ren
t •Skylight/Light well adds to the
a
nsp day-lighting of the building
Tra
ed
g Fix
De •The shape of the building
28
enables the light to penetrate
10000 mm
further.

•Day-light not only enters the


building from North but also
ue
aq

from south and top


Op
ng

Building area
eg
i
ck

5D
ra
tt

t5
ou

na
ith

tio
/w

na
th

cli
wi

In
lse
pan
lar
So

7000 mm
Aim : To know the nature of shadow on the inside of the Section C2.3 / Page 55
building through skylight, all round the year. Day lighting: Skylight / Light well Study
Status : Sunlight penetrates
deep inside the building = Useful
Section C2.3 / Page 56
Day lighting Window Area Study

Aim : To know the Actual window area needed How it is done:


in the rooms , so that the lighting requirements
of the building are largely achieved by the day-
lighting.
Daylight Factor (DF) = 2% (known)
Very useful strategy to minimize the lighting
load, herein eventually minimizing the electrical Floor Area (Af) = Known
demand of the building Window geometry (W) = Rectangular = 0.1
Window lintel level is maximum to make the
Actual visible transmittance (Ta) = 0.77
light penetrate as far as possible
Minimum visible transmittance (Tm) = 0.4

Height Factor (HF) = 0.8

Window area (Aw) = Can be calculated

Status : In every space, the window area is


calculated and windows are accommodated. Formula Applied
Hence, every space have adequate day-lighting
DF = Aw/Af X W X Ta/Tm X HF
with a daylight factor of 2%
From the above formula we get the total
area of the window required for the
Daylight Factor of (2%).

Area (known) = Length (known) X Breath

Width can be known.


Section C2.3 / Page 57
Day lighting Window Area Study

All area in Sqm.


Section C2.3 / Page 58
Day lighting: Window Geometry Study

Aim : To know the geometry of the window to


be near to the desired lux level needed in the
room

How: we are already aware of the approximate Status: A proper geometry of the window was
area needed for the daylight factor of 2%, hence developed, with a good quality of light and
a simulation study of the geometry of the approximate level of lux was also achieved
window is done.

VS
Section C2.3 / Page 59
Day lighting: Window Geometry Study

VS An improved quality of light

See glare levels in each case Uniform and desired lux level achieved

VS

The study is done for New Delhi on 21st June at 12 noon. Room dimension 7m X 10m, which is in accordance of the grid.
The double windows on the north side & shaded All levels in Foot Candles
windows on the south side.
Section C2.4 / Page 60
The Wall Section

Vegetation from above floor

Concrete Slab
Gypsum Board Ceiling

Window for penetrated daylight

Concrete Slit

View Window
INSIDE OUTSIDE

Bamboo Frame

Vegetation

ACC Block with Rockwool insulation


Section C2.5 / Page 61
Illumination: Interior Lighting Design

Lighting Strategies:

•Daylight will be the primary


source of illumination.

•Artificial illumination is on the


ceiling grid with compact
fluorescent luminaries at 5W/sqm
of floor area.

•Most of the work is done on


computers and the working hours
are limited to daylight hours.

•The illumination level offered by


this system supplements with day
light when necessary, and is
comfortable for short working
hours.

•Task lamps are provided on


desks for more detailed work,
whenever needed.
Section C2.5 / Page 62
Illumination: Interior Lighting Design

Lighting Strategies:

•The control circuits for ceiling


lights are arranged in zones
running parallel to the daylight
source.

•The can be switched on


progressively to compensate for
the variation in falling daylight
levels.

•They will be controlled by


automatic timer automatic timer
switches with timing set for all
seasons (provision for manual
override for unusual cloudy
weather)

•Accent lighting done to break


the monotonous nature and to
give an interest lighting
Section C2.5 / Page 63
Illumination: Street / Exterior Lighting

Lighting Type:

•Stand-alone Solar PV
lighting for exterior and
street lighting.

•Not connected to the


building PV system nor to
the grid.
Section C2.5 / Page 64
Illumination: Interior Lighting Uses

Interior Lighting Uses:

•Ambient Lighting: separate Florescent Lamps are used

Installation of fluorescent light fixtures for all ceiling and wall


mountings that will be ON for more than 2 hours
Installation of dedicated Compact Florescent Fixtures, rather than
CFL’s in incandescent fixtures, so that florescent bulbs are used for the life of the
building
Fluorescent lamps use 25%–35% of the energy used by incandescent
lamps to provide the same amount of illumination (efficacy of 30–110 lumens per
watt). They also last about 10 times longer (7,000–24,000 hours).

•Task Lighting: LED’s on desks


Efficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than
incandescent
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color.
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm).
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly.
Cycling: LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are
subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps
that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently.
Cool light:LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that
can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics.
Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One
report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though
time to complete failure may be longer Fluorescent tubes
typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours,
Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are
difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent
and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.
Toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent
lamps.

•Accent Lighting: use of down lights and other light fixtures to make
interesting lighting
Section C2.5 / Page 65
Interior Lighting Design: Visual Display & Turning Off the Lights

Visual Display and Glare:

Overhead Glare Zone


•There is a recognized problem of glare on the computer
screens or the visual display terminal.

•Since, in this case Laptops are used, the problem is reduced,


but it is very intense when curved fixtures are used. Nominal angles
of view
•Laptops etc have a lighter background, which reduces the
problem but do not eliminate and glare continues to be a
problem

•Strategy can be adopted to position computers at angles that


do not promote reflections of windows and lights

•Use of anti-glare screens can help


Turn-off the lights
•Avoiding overhead glare zone Turning off the lights:

•A general rule-of-thumb for when to turn off a fluorescent


light is if you leave a room for more than 15 minutes, it is
probably more cost effective to turn the light off.

•But it is a bit complicated


•Fluorescent lights are more expensive to buy, and their operating
life is more affected by the number of times they are switched on
and off, relative to incandescent lights. Therefore, it is a cost trade-
off between saving energy and money by turning a light off
"frequently" and having to replace the bulbs "more" frequently. This
is because the reduction in usable lamp life due to frequent on/off
switching will probably be greater than the benefit of extending the
useful life of the bulb from reduced use.
Section C2.6 / Page 66
Plug-ins

•Energy efficient appliances and electronics to be •Use of Laptops over whole


used work stations
•Importance and preference to star ratings
•Using efficient equipment would ultimately affect CPU awake / asleep = 120 / 30
on the running cost of the equipment watts
Monitor awake / asleep = 150 /
130 watts
Laptop awake = 50 watts
Using of sleep mode which
consumes only 15 watts saves
electricity by 70%
Turning off the monitors when
there is no work for 20 min saves
35% of electricity

•Use of CFL’s over incandescent


lamps
Fluorescent lamps use 25%–35% of
the energy used by incandescent
lamps to provide the same amount of
illumination (efficacy of 30–110
lumens per watt). They also last
about 10 times longer (7,000–24,000
hours).
Section C2.7 / Page 67
Air Conditioning System Study Air Conditioning System 1

~25-26 Deg Avoid


Return Air
Short
Circuit
False ceiling

Picks up heat from body and ~22-23 Deg


equipment
Supply Air

Picks up heat from


body and
equipment Air Conditioning System 1 characteristics:

•Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)


Towards
Return Supply Air
•Inlet Air Temperature = ~22-23 Deg C (work done = 9X)

•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C


•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X
•gain in work done wrt System 2 = 2X (18%)
•gain in work done wrt System 3 = 7X (43%)

•Conditioned Air Volume = 0.8m to 1.8m(table level to standing level)


= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1 L*B

•gain in volume wrt System 2 = 0.8L*B (44%)


•gain in volume wrt System 3 = 1.2L*B (66%)

•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the natural
movement of air
Section C2.7 / Page 68
Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort) Air Conditioning System 2
•Inlet Air Temperature = ~20-21 Deg C (work done = 11X)

•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C


~26 Deg
•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X
•loss in work done wrt System 1 = 2X Return Air
•gain in work done wrt System 3 = 5X
•Conditioned Air Volume = 0.0m to 1.8m (floor to standing level) ~22-24 Deg
= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 1.8 L*B Picks up heat from body and equipment

•loss in volume wrt System 1 = 0.8L*B


•gain in volume wrt System 3 = 0.4L*B ~20 Deg Supply Air

•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air

Air Conditioning System 3


Sensible Temperature = ~24-26 Deg C (Adaptive Comfort)

•Inlet Air Temperature = ~16-17 Deg C (work done = 16X)

•Outside Temperature = 32 Deg C


•Work done to lower down the temperature by 1 Deg C = X Return Air Supply Air
•loss in work done wrt System 1 = 7X
•loss in work done wrt System 2 = 5X
~17 Deg ~26 Deg

•Conditioned Air Volume = 3.0m to 0.8m(table level to standing


level)
= 1m X L (length) X B (breath) = 2.2 L*B ~22-24 Deg
Picks up heat from body and equipment
•loss in volume wrt System 1 = 1.2L*B
•loss in volume wrt System 2 = 0.4L*B

•The inlet air is forced and the movement of air is against the
natural movement of air
Section C2.7 / Page 69
Air Conditioning: Energy Conservation Strategies

•Use of high R-value insulation throughout the building.

•Using inside design dry bulb temperature of 27 Deg C . This provide


adequate comfort for most applications. The general practice of designing
for 24 Deg C is wasteful. (Adaptive comfort)

•Minimum use of Glass, use of double glazed low-E windows.

•Orientation of the building.

•Avoiding unnecessary excessive lighting levels.

•Using type of lighting and other equipments that convert electrical


energy efficiently.

WATTS Temperature fluctuation of different building systems.

Heat Gains by various systems on a peak July afternoon in Gurgaon.


Section C2.8 / Page 70
Landscape: Roof Garden
Roof Garden advantages:

•Create green open spaces


Increasing urban density decreases ground level green space. Roof gardens
negate, to some extent, high density development.
•Provide diverse habitats
Roof gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide important
habitats for native bird and insect populations.
•Modify urban micro-climates
Cities, of concrete, retain heat and create "urban heat islands”. Plants,
through transpiration, directly cool the air
•Insulate against heat and sound
Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter, are cooler in the
summer, and offer year-round sound insulation.
•Provide economic benefits
Roof gardens and green roofs extend the life of the existing roof fabric by up
to 70%. Further savings are also made from improved insulation.
Section C2.8 / Page 71
Landscape: The Section of The Roof

Grass / Vegetation

Soil (6-12”)

Sand (3”)

Geo-Textile (3mm)
Drainage Media (2”)

Root Barrier (3mm)

Insulation (2”)
Water Proofing Membrane
(5mm)
Screeding (1-3”)

Concrete Slab (200mm)


Section C2.8 / Page 72
Landscape: Creation of Microclimate
Microclimate advantages:

•Increasing urban density decreases ground level green


space. Green negate, to some extent, high density
development.

•Gardens, when planted with indigenous flora, can provide


important habitats for native bird and insect populations.

•Plants, through transpiration, directly cool the air.

•Buildings with roof gardens lose 30% less heat in the winter,
are cooler in the summer, and offer year-round sound
insulation.

•It is in the southern side of the building, hence the benefit is


most.

•The above PV installations secure the plantation by physical


damage.
Section C2.8 / Page 73
Landscape: Vegetated Facade
Vegetated facade:

•Symbolizes the statement of green


•Added area to the green in the
building

•Acts as an element in the elevation

•Great visual kick

•Great views from inside too

•Shade the wall, hence reduce direct


heat gain

•Creates a microclimate between wall


and the green, lowering down the
temperature further. INSIDE OUTSIDE
TESTING
Section D1 / Page 88
Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: PV Watts

Aim for study is to optimize the


Photovoltaic installations in the building

A software was used for determining


the output of the PV installations

All the study is done for panel of unit area


Site Location : New Delhi (28.5N,77.2E), 216m
Weather Data: IWEC
DC Rating: 4.0 (standard)
DC to AC Derate Factor: 0.77

Array Type: As desired in each case


Tilt angle: As per case
Azimuth angle: As per case
Section D1 / Page 89
Energy Calculations for Total PV Output: Result

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application on the whole building:


Study done for the whole area of application.
Both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional tracking incorporated.

304056 kWh/Year

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
                       
24974.06 23762.97 29242.4 29403.03 29305.37 26476.34 21609.6 21793.71 23606.51 25901.2 23828.8 24161.03
Photovoltaic Output in KWh for corresponding months.
Study of full building application.
Section D2 / Page 90
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Designed Parameters and Assumptions

•Fuel Type : Electricity


•Building Use : Institutional
•Space Heating Temperature: 19 Deg C
•Space Cooling Temperature: 28 Deg C
•Temperature Variation : +_ 3 Deg C

•Occupancy rate - daily h/d

Monday 7.0

Tuesday 7.0

Wednesday 7.0

Thursday 7.0

Friday 7.0

Saturday 0.5

Sunday 0.5

Occupancy rate - annual 1,877

•It is assumed that people will not wear heavy


coat in summers and light t-shirts in extreme
winters
•All wall, windows etc assembly are (medium)
leaky.
Section D2 / Page 91
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Building Envelope
Section D2 / Page 92
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Others
Ventilation Electrical Equipment

Lights
Section D2 / Page 93
Energy Calculations for Total Consumptions: Result

Show: Heating Cooling Electricity


Energy - proposed case MWh MWh MWh
Heating system
0 - -
Cooling system
- 0 -
Building envelope
11 320 -
Ventilation
4 46 -
Lights
- - 6
Electrical equipment
- - 41
Total 15 365 47

GRAND TOTAL = 428 MWh per Year


E.P.I (Energy Performance Index) = 116 kWh/ Sqm per year
Section D3 / Page 94
Comparison: Energy Generated and Energy Consumed

Total Energy Consumption Of the


Facility
= 428 MWh per Year

Total Energy Generated by


Photovoltaic Application =
304 MWh per Year

Energy Difference per Year = 124 MWh

Percentage Offset = 71 %
Section D4 / Page 95
Building as a Generator

304 MWh per Year


Section D5 / Page 96
Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment

With the rise in crude prices energy sector is seen as a sector


for investment. The PV installation here would provide an
opportunity for investing and will give handsome and assured
returns.

As per the
policies of
Ministry of
Non-
Conventional
Energy Sources
under Section
3/3. UIAC (SC)
Section D5 / Page 97
Economic Viability Of Photovoltaic Application: Building as an Investment

This is what you get back

This is what you invest

The final results is showing the Repo Rate and the


Investment vs Return curve with respect to time
Section D6 / Page 98
Environmental Viability of The Facility

Environmental Impact of proposed


of TATA IT Training Centre,
Gurgaon

140 – 67 =73 Hectares of forest absorbing


406 – 195 = 211 Tonnes of Carbon
Carbon dioxide
dioxide

82.5 – 39.6 = 42.9 Cars and Light 137 – 65 = 72 Tonnes of waste 165080 – 79000 = 86080 Liters of
Trucks off the road recycled Gasoline not used
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my thanks to my guide Ar. Neeraj Kapoor. His advice, expertise
and encouragement always pushed me to think new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for
this Thesis.

I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Prof. A.B Lall and Ar. Ruchita
Garg for leading us and always being around even in tough times. Their directions and guidance
have a pivotal role in completion of the Thesis.

Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Anshul, Nitu, Raju, Rahul & Sudhanshu who
have given unconditional support to me.

In addition, a special thanks to Mili Majumdar & Priyanka Khochhar of TERI who also
guided me in this topic via emails and internet discussions.

My gratitude to Dr. Neha Gulati, for her valuable time, encouragement and trust for the
Thesis Project.

Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for their supportive role.

Sumanyu Vasist
(0441731604)
University School of Architecture and Planning

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