LIGHTING

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6.1 General
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

6.1.1 Types of Lamps

1. Filament Lamps a) Incandescent Lamps b) R and PAR c) Tungsten - Halogen 2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps a) Fluorescent Lamps b) Energy Savings Lamps c) Neon Vapor Lamps d) PL lamps

3. High-Intensity Discharge Lamps are members of the electric discharge family of light sources (as are fluorescent lamps). Light is produced when a high-pressure electric arc is passed through a gas vapor, rather than by a low-pressure arc as in fluorescent lamps. a) Mercury Vapor Lamps b) Metal Halide Lamps c) High Pressure Sodium Lamps

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6.1.2 Units of Light

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux Lumens

2. Unit of Density of Light a) Footcandle is the amount of lumens falling on an area one square foot one foot away b) Lux is the amount of lumens falling on an area one square meter one meter away. One (1) footcandle is equivalent to 10.76 lux. 3. Unit of Light Intensity candlepower (cp)
= 4. Unit of Brightness footlambert (FL)

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6.2 Incandescent Lamps

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

composed basically of a sealed glass containing a filament connected at its ends to the contact area in the base thereby completing an electric circuit. The glass envelope comes in a variety of shapes and sizes; bulb designations consist of a letter to indicate its shape, and a number to indicate the diameter in eights of an inch.

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The various shapes are:
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Standard Globular Straight Tubular Pear-shape Flame PAR -

A G S T PS F Parabolic Aluminized Reflector

A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pearshaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4 in diameter

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6.3 R and PAR Lamps

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

The tungsten-halogen (also called quartz or quartz-iodine) lamps use a halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid depreciation of the lamp filament and darkening of the transparent envelop.

Are complete optical systems in a single bulb. The bulb contains a filament, reflector and lens.

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6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

comprises a cylindrical glass tube, sealed at both ends and containing an inert gas usually argon and mercury vapors. Built into each end is a cathode which supplies the electrons to start an maintain the mercury arc or gaseous discharge. This light is absorbed by the phosphors in which the inside of the tube is coated and is re-radiated in the visible light range. All fluorescent light sources, require a control device or an auxiliary, called a ballast, located in the metal base. The ballast serves the following functions:
Supplying the high voltage necessary to start the arc; Limiting the current in the arc after it is formed.

For the operation of some fluorescent tubes, an automatic switch known as a starter is required, in addition to the normal wall switch. The starter is self contained in a small tubular jacket which is inserted in the fixture body and is a replaceable part.

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Fluorescent lamps are classified as:
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

1. According to shape Standard Slim-line

does not require a starter, have single-pin bases, come in diameters 3/4, 1, and 11/2 ; and come in lengths from 42 (4 ft) to 96 (8 ft).

using a device called a trigger-start ballast. This ballast provides both a current-limiting function and an appropriate automatic starting system.

Instant Start
When the lamp is first switched on, a sufficient voltage is applied between the electrodes to strike the arc without preheating them. Instant-start lamps start as soon as current is turned on and eliminates the need for external starters. They have single-pin bases which are called slim-line lamps.

Circline

2. According to method of tube operation Pre-heat

requires a starter which preheats the cathodes so that less voltage is required to strike an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds delay in the start of lamp after switch is on. This class is also called a switchstart or starter-start lamp. In certain cases, the starter can be eliminated by

Rapid Start
are the most recent developments and the one that is most widely used. Rapidstart lamps use low-resistance electrodes which can be heated continuously with low current loses. These are the only fluorescent lamps that can be electrically dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly as the instant-start lamps; require no external starters; and the ballasts are smaller and more efficient.

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LIGHTING

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

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6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps

a modification of the mercury vapor with an arc of improved color. In addition to mercury, the arc tube contains metallic vapors such as indium iodide, thallium iodide, or sodium iodide. It possesses therefore increased light output, improved color rendition without the use of phosphors, and small source size.

contains mercury vapor in a clear quartz arc tube, which when electrically excited, produces visible light of characteristically blue-green color. It is suitable only for limited industrial areas, general outdoor applications and street lighting.

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6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

6.9 Ballasts

are the newest addition to the HID field. Its arc tube is made of highdensity polycrystalline alumina an contains a mixture of primarily sodium.

are auxiliary equipment for fluorescent and HID lamps which limits the amount of current in the lamp and provides the proper starting voltages. A power factor is frequently listed with each ballast description. The low power factor ballast is cheap and inefficient; while the high power factor ballast has a capacitor* which improves its efficiency.
*CAPACITOR An electric component which consists of conducting plates insulated from each other by a layer of dielectric material; introduces capacitance into a circuit. Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor; usually measured in farads or microfarads.

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6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

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6.10 Luminaires (Or Lighting Fixtures)

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

Ceiling-Mounted Downlights

is the device which supports the source or sources of electric light and redirects or helps to control the light rays from the source. Control of the rays is necessary to secure even distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off direct rays to the eyes, and eliminates disturbing reflection of the rays from polished surfaces.

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Spotlights
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Pendants

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Wall Lights
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Task and Table Lights

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Floor Lights
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Fluorescent Fittings

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Oddities
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Exterior Lights

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6.11 Classifications of Luminaires

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Indirect 90% to 100% of the light output is directed towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room. 2. Semi-indirect 60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards; 40% to 10% downwards. 3. General diffuse or direct-indirect provides approximately equal distribution of light upwards and downwards. 4. Semi-direct 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards; while 40% to 10% is directed upwards. 5. Direct 90% - 100% of the light output is directed downwards

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6.12 Lighting Systems

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Cornice Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling to distribute light downwards over the wall. This is considered as direct lighting. 2. Cove Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a ledge to distribute light upwards over the ceiling and upper wall. It is a form of indirect lighting. 3. Valance Lighting a system where light sources are shielded by a panel parallel to the wall usually across the top of a window. This provides light both upwards and downwards over the wall.

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6.13 Lighting Methods

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Local Lighting method which employs lamps at definite points where light is specially needed producing pools of light mingled with areas of shadows. It is the very opposite of uniform illumination. The location of lamps in this method usually depends upon the position of furniture or the position of activity areas. 2. General Lighting this method strives for diffused light and uniform intensity over an entire area. The lamps are evenly spaced without regard to furniture location and are provided with reflectors, baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent glare, harsh shadows and uneven illumination.

3. Combined Local and General Lighting (sometimes called Localized Lighting) provides sufficient general lighting to illuminate various objects in the room and at the same time furnishes additional local lamps at desks, reading tables, showcases and other equipment needing additional illumination

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LIGHTING

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions

1. Intensity of Illumination intensity of light required will depend upon the tasks involved as follows
a) for casual work, as in conferencing, interviewing and inactive filing 10 to 30 fc b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing and general clerical work 30 to 50 fc c) for prolonged work, as in active filing, index referencing and mail sorting 50 to 100 fc d) for precision work, as in accounting, auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business machine operation, reading poor reproductions and rough layout drafting 100 to 150 fc e) for fine precision work, as in cartography, designing and detail drafting 150 to 200 fc

2. Quality of Light Light Distribution depends upon:

Uniformity freedom from variations of illumination in a room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies same intensity throughout and it is not always practicable to attain. A deviation of 25% from the average intensity cannot be detected by the eye, and is considered an acceptable maximum.

Diffusion refers to the number of directions and angles from which illuminating rays proceed. Good diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a matte or satin surface from a variety of directions thus eliminating shadows and streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results from illumination from one direction only thus causing visual confusion because of distorted highlights and shadows

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Absence of Glare Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in the field of vision which causes annoyance or discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes with seeing. When the glare is caused by light sources in the field of vision, it is known as direct glare or disability glare. When glare is caused by the reflection of a light source in a viewed surface, it is known as reflected glare or discomfort glare. Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should never be in the line of sight from any point in the room. An angle of 45 deg. between the horizontal and the line of sight (line from the lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the greatest permissible angle. Color of Light depends upon the type of lamp chosen. Incandescent lamps provide yellow light; although there are many other colors depending upon the color of their glass bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest variety of colors ranging from daylight to bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is also used to enhance certain qualities. For example, de luxe FL lamps are used to enhance food in restaurants.

LIGHTING

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

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6.15 Lighting Terms

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Absorption Loss of light when light rays strikes or traverses any medium. The ratio of light absorbed by a material to the light falling upon it is called the absorption factor or absorptance. 2. Diffuse Reflection a beam of light is reflected diffusely, that is, its ray is scattered in all directions, if it strikes a rough or matte surface. 3. Specular Reflection a beam of light is specularly reflected when a light ray striking a shiny or glossy surface at an angle of incidence is reflected as the same beam with equal angle of reflection.

4. Reflectance also called reflection factor; it is the ratio of light reflected by a surface to the light falling upon it.

5. Transmission is the passage of light through a medium when light falls upon a transparent material. It is refracted (bent) as it passes through the material but emerges at the same angle that it entered. When passing through a translucent material, such as plastic, and the emerging rays are spread in all directions, it is called diffused transmission. 6. Transmittance also called transmission factor; it is the ratio of light transmitted to light striking the surface.

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7. Accent Lighting directional lighting to emphasize a space or an object. 8. Down Light a fixture producing concentrated direct lighting from a single bulb. It may be recessed in or mounted on the ceiling 9. High Hat a term often applied to a can-type of recessed incandescent downlight. 10. Eye Ball recessed or semi-recessed lighting unit with a rotating spherical element that may be turned to project light in any direction. 11. Lumiline a tubular fluorescent lamp with a disc base at each end.

LIGHTING

6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

12. Luminance Ceiling a false ceiling of diffusing material with light sources mounted above 13. Filter device which changes either amount or color, or both. of light passing through it. 14. Dimmer a device to control the amount of light by reducing the voltage or the current; also called a rayostat. 15. Capacitor An electric component which consists of conducting plates insulated from each other by a layer of dielectric material; introduces capacitance into a circuit. Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor; usually measured in farads or microfarads.

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Lighting Symbols
6.1 General 6.2 Incandescent Lamps 6.3 R and PAR Lamps 6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps 6.5 Fluorescent Lamps 6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps 6.7 Metal Halide Lamps 6.8 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 6.9 Ballasts 6.10 Luminaires 6.11 Classification of Luminaires 6.12 Lighting Systems 6.13 Lighting Methods 6.14 Factors which will Achieve Desirable Seeing Conditions 6.15 Lighting Terms

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END