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HARDWARE SUPPLIES

BGTECH121 GROUP 7
EDEN, MIRAZEL R. LATADE, LARRYSA ANNE B. SALONGA, JOHNICA PAULINE P. VENDIOLA, KARA ALLIANA M.

1. SCREW
Used to fit materials such as chipboard, MDF and natural woods together. Used to join materials together permanently although as they can be unused with relative ease they are also good as a way of fixing materials temporarily.

TYPES OF SCREW
a. COUNTERSUNK SLOT HEAD

b. POZIDRIV HEAD
Used with special screw drivers which will not slip when pressure is applied. This is ideal when using screws in corners or confined spaces.

This can be used for general woodworking for example fitting hinges to doors.

c. ROUND HEAD SCREW


d. RAISED HEAD SCREW


Used to fit door handle plates and decorative features that must look good.

Used for fixing pieces of material together where countersunk holes are not being used. Round head screws can look quite decorative especially if they are made of brass.

e. DOME HEAD SCREW


Can be used for fitting fixtures such as mirrors. The 'cap', which is the dome shape is usually chromed or made from brass. It also makes the head of the screw safe as the doom has no sharp edges to catch and cut hands/fingers.

f. CHIPBOARD SCREWS
The thread on this type of screw extends all the way along the length. It is best used with chipboard.

cap

g. SELF-TAPPING SCREWS
Normally used to cut a thread in metal. Can be used for joining thin metal sheet. A hole is drilled in the metal, a fraction smaller than the width of the screw. The self-tapping screw is then turned into the hole cutting a thread.

2. NAILS
Using nails is an effective way of fixing or joining pieces of softwood together. Hardwoods can be difficult to join with nails as they tend to bend under the impact of the hammer.

TYPES OF NAILS
a. ROUND WIRE NAIL
This is used for general work. It is not attractive in shape and it can split wood when hammered in position.

b. OVAL WIRE NAIL


This is a long nail and care must be taken when it is hammered into the wood. It is unlikely to split the wood.

c. LOST HEAD NAIL


This is ideal if it is necessary to hide the head of the nail as a punch can be used to hammer the head beneath the surface level.

A very popular way of joining woods although glue is usually included as part of the join.

d. PANEL PIN

e. TACK

Can be used for fixing textile materials to wood for example, fixing upholstery to furniture.

f. SPRIG
This no head and is generally used for fixing glass to glass in wood frames.

g. ANNULAR NAIL

The teeth of this nail hold it in place firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing plywood and other materials.

h. HARDBOARD PIN
The diamond shaped head is hidden when used in materials like hardboard.

i. CORRUGATED FASTENER
This will hold the corners of wood frames firmly together

TYPICAL USE OF NAILING

3. ADHESIVES FOR WOODS


a. Scotch Glue Is a traditional glues were once made from natural materials such as
animal hides and bones. They were boiled to produce a brownish coloured jelly which slowly solidified and it could be warmed up later and used as a liquid glue.
b. P.V.A. (Polyvinyl

Acetate)

Is a very popular glue as they do not need preparation. These glues are supplied in a plastic container and can be used straight away.

SEQUENCE IN APPLYING PVA GLUE

c. Cascamite
Is a waterproof glue and is probably the must effective glue of all. It must be stirred thoroughly until it becomes a smooth/creamy paste. Is a quality glue and is suitable for all furniture especially if used outside as it resists rain water. The stages involved in the use of cascamite are outlined below.

4. ADHESIVES FOR PLASTICS


a. Tensol Cement

The best glue which joins plastics such as perspex together permanently. The glue is applied to the surfaces to be glued and they are pressed together. They should be clamped for 24 hours and this gives a permanent joint.

b. Contact adhesive
Can be used to join plastics. The adhesive is applied to both surfaces and when the surfaces appear to be dry they are pushed together. If the two pieces of material are left for a number of hours, they are virtually impossible to take apart.

c. Epoxy resin
Hardens when a second chemical is added (called a catalyst). It can bond most materials including some plastics. An equal amount of each tube are mixed together and then applied to the material to be glued.

Another adhesive that joins plastics together, very quickly. Great care must be taken when using this type of glue as it will just as easily glue fingers together. For this reason super glue is not used in schools.

d. Super glue (cyanoacrylate)

e. Glue gun Can be used to join a variety of plastics. This glue usually gives a semi-permanent joint as surfaces glued together can sometimes come apart. The glue is a type of plastic that melts when hot and solidifies when it cools. Be careful to select that right type of glue stick - this depends on the material to be glued. General purpose glue sticks are usually used in schools.

NOTE: Ventilation is vital when using all these glues. Ideally an extractor should be used to extract all the dangerous fumes.

5. HINGES
a. BUTT HINGE
Comes in a range of sizes from 13mm to 150mm and is normally used for cabinet doors. They are very strong but cannot be adjusted once they are fitted.

b. BUTTERFLY HINGE
This is often used on light-weight doors and different shapes and patterns are available. They are generally easy to fit.

c. FLUSH HINGE

This type of hinge does not require a recess to be cut. They are not as strong as butt hinges but can be used for light-weight doors and small box construction.

d. BARREL HINGE
This comes in two parts. The threaded part of the hinge is screwed into a pre-drilled hole. They are easy to fit and the hinge can be dismantled.

e. CONCEALED HINGE

These normally come in two sizes (25mm and 36mm. The hinge is adjustable once fitted and is designed with chipboard and MDF in mind.

f. CONTINUOUS or PIANO HINGE


This is a hinge that comes in different lengths and can be bought in brass or steel. It is ideal where a long hinge is required such as a desk top or a cupboard door. Small countersink screws are normally used to fix it in position.

6. KNOCK DOWN FITTINGS


Are those that can be put together easily, normally using only a screw driver, a drill, a mallet/hammer and other basic tools. They are temporary joints although many are used to permanently join together items such as cabinets and other pieces of furniture that are purchased in a flat pack.

Types of Knock Down Fittings


a. PLASTIC CORNER BLOCK (FIXIT BLOCKS)
The corner block is pressed against the two pieces of material (normally wood based). Screws are used to fix the block into position. Used to fit modern cabinets such as those found in a kitchen.

BATTEN)
A piece of material such as pine can be drilled and screws can be passed through these holes. This gives a cheap and effective knockdown joint. The screws are normally countersunk into the knockdown fitting.

b. NATURAL WOOD FITTING (SQUARE SECTION

c. TWO BLOCK FITTING (LOK-JOINTS)


These are made from plastic. A bolt passes through the first fitting into the thread of the second. As the bolt is tightened it draws the two fittings together. The pins help keep the fitting straight. This gives a very strong joint and it can be dismantled using a screwdriver.

d. RIGID JOINT
These are normally molded in plastic which makes them strong. Screws pass through the four holes which hold the sides at each corner firmly together.

e. SCAN FITTINGS
These are strong enough to be either permanent or temporary joints. The cylinder is inserted into the first side of a cabinet in a pre-drilled hole. The screw is then pushed through the hole in the second side until it meets the cylinder. It can then be tightened with a screw driver until both sides of the cabinet pull together.

f. CAM LOCKS
The disk fits into a recess in the first side of the cabinet. It rotates by inserting a screwdriver into the slot in its side. The shaft is screwed into the second side of the cabinet. The collar of the shaft is passed through the hole in the second slot in the disk. When the disk rotates the shaft is locked in position. This keeps both sides of the cabinet locked together.

g. Mortise and Tenon joints.


These joints are strong but have a disadvantage - they cannot be used for modern knockdown furniture. Modern furniture is normally flat-packed, this means it is delivered to the home, in pieces, arranged in a flat package. It has to be assembled in the home. Usually instructions are supplied but they can be difficult to follow. The table plate fitting is ideal for this type of furniture because it can be set up quite easily with the use of a spanner and a screw driver. The diagram below shows a typical table which has been permanently fixed together using mortise and tenon joints. The highlighted area shows an alternative way of fixing the parts together, using a table plate.

7. NUTS AND BOLTS`


Bolts are used to join pieces together either permanently or temporarily. Many steel structures, including buildings, are simply bolted together. For example, the Eiffel Tower in Paris was originally a temporary structure and after twenty years it was to be dismantled. For this reason most of the steel components were bolted together. However, the tower has lasted well over a hundred years. Much of the structure of the Empire State Building in the USA is also bolted together. Nuts and bolts can also be used to fix together small structures such as furniture. Nuts and bolts come in many different types and sizes and some are shown below. A washer is normally placed before the nut to stop it sinking into the wood as it is turned.

a. The coach bolt has a square collar under the domed head and this locks into the wood when the nut is tightened.

b. The countersunk machine screw fits level with the surface of the wood/metal/plastic. A screwdriver is used to keep the bolt still whilst the wing nut is tightened by hand.

A plain washer prevents the nut sinking into the surface of the wood/plastic/metal

If there is a need to prevent, a nut and bolt loosening a spring washer is used.

8. RIVETS
Used to join plates together and they have been used for hundreds of years. Before the widespread use of welding, rivets were used in heavy industries such as ship building.

Rivets are available made from other materials such as copper and brass.

a.

Pop riveting -Is a technique that is used to join thin pieces of metal and it can also be used to join plastic sheet.

The rivet has two parts; the pin and the rivet. The pop rivet pliers are used to pull the pin through the rivet and as this happens the rivet is deformed slightly so that it joins the metal or plastic pieces. This technique is used where the metal or plastic is thin and where the joint does not have to be very strong. It is ideal for joining aluminums or even thin sheet plastic.

1. The two pieces of plastic or aluminums are drilled to a size slightly larger than the rivet

2. The pop rivet is passed through both holes in the sheet plastic / aluminum.

3. The rivet pliers are pushed on to the pin of the rivet and the handles are pulled together. As this happens the pin head is pulled into the rivet and the end of the rivet is expanded. Eventually the pin will break off leaving the rivet permanently fixed in position holding the two pieces of plastic / aluminums together.

b. Cold Rivets
Cold rivets are still used in school workshops although the modern pop-riveting technique is more popular.

Snap Head
Below are two steel plates that have been joined permanently using steel 'snap head' rivets. The plates cannot move a part because the rivets hold them firmly together.

Pan Head

Mushroom

Countersunk

THANK YOU AND MABUHAY!!!!!

HARDWARE SUPPLIES
BGTECH121 GROUP 7
EDEN, MIRAZEL R. LATADE, LARRYSA ANNE B. SALONGA, JOHNICA PAULINE P. VENDIOLA, KARA ALLIANA M.

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