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Conic Sections, in geometry, two-dimensional curves produced by slicing a plane through a three-dimensional right circular conical surface. This surface is similar to two hollow cones held tip to tip. If the plane cuts the surface at right angles to the surfaces axis (a line passing through the exact centre of the cones), a circle is produced. A slice parallel to a surface of the cones produces a parabola. Any cut between these two types of slices results in an ellipse. More vertical cuts that intersect both cones produce hyperbola. For detailed information on each type of conic section, see Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, and Hyperbola.

Passing the plane through the conical surface in certain specific ways produces degenerate conics, which include a point, a line, a pair of parallel lines, and a pair of intersecting lines. If the surface is cut at the point where the two cones meet by a plane perpendicular to the axis, for example, a point is produced.

SLICES OF A HOLLOW CONE

The conic sections of geometry are the two-dimensional curves produced by slicing up a hollow three-dimensional cone. A vertical slice produces a hyperbola (far left). A

horizontal slice produces a

circle (top). Slicing the cone at an angle can produce a parabola (second from the left) or an ellipse (third from

the left) depending on the

angle of the cut

The circle belongs to the class of curves known as conic sections because a circle can be described as the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The equation that corresponds to this description for a circle with radius r and center (h, k) is: (x h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2. The equation (x 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 22, for example, represents a circle with a radius of 2 and center at (2, 1):

CIRCLE
In geometry, conic sections
are produced by passing a plane through a hollow double cone. A plane is a perfectly flat, two-dimensional surface. The intersection of a plane passed through a double cone perpendicular to the axis of the cone is a circle. The

circle can be described by

the equation shown. Moving the plane farther up or down on the cone will change the radius and thus the size of

the circle but will not change

the basic equation.

 Parabola, two-dimensional curve that matches the path a tossed object such as

a ball follows. Each point on the curve is equally distant from a fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed straight line, known as the directrix. The very tip of a parabola is called the vertex.

 Parabolas are important in astronomy and physical science. An object in space

follows a parabolic orbit as it swings around a central mass if the object has just barely enough momentum to escape from the gravity of the central mass forever. An asteroid that followed such a path around the Sun would fly off into interstellar space, never to return. Parabolic mirrors (reflectors that have the shape of a parabola) reflect rays of light in parallel lines from a light source located at the mirror's focus. Such reflectors are used in automobile headlights and in searchlights. Parabolic mirrors also bring parallel rays of light to a focus. This type of reflector is therefore valuable in astronomical telescopes. Parabolic reflectors also are used as antennas in radio astronomy and radar.

 Any parabola is symmetrical about a line that passes through the focus and is

perpendicular to the directrix, meaning that the half-parabolas on each side of the line are mirror images of one another. A parabola can be drawn on x y axes by graphing its equation. For a parabola with a horizontal directrix and a vertex at (h, k), the equation is (x h)2 = 2p(y k), in which p is the distance between the focus and the directrix. Conversely, the equation of a parabola with a vertical directrix is (y k)2 = 2p(x h). Parabolas are one of the conic section curves formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane. A parabola is formed when the plane is parallel to a straight line drawn on the slanting surface of the cone from the tip of the cone to its base.

PARABOLA
Passing a plane through a
double cone at an angle equal to the slope of the side of the cone produces a curve called a parabola. The distance from the vertex to the focus, p, is the same as the distance from the vertex to a line called the directrix..

The axis of symmetry is a

line drawn through the focus and vertex. The portions of the curve on either side of the axis of symmetry are

mirror images of each other.

 Ellipse, in geometry, closed two-dimensional curve that looks like a flattened

circle. An ellipse may be defined as all points, P, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a constant, C. The two fixed points that define an ellipse, labelled F1 and F2, are known as its foci:

 The ellipse is one of the most important curves in physical science. In

astronomy, the orbits of Earth and the other planets around the Sun are ellipses. The ellipse is used in engineering in the arches of some bridges and the design of gears for certain types of machinery such as Wankel engines and punch presses. The major axis of an ellipse is a straight line that passes through the two foci lengthwise along the ellipse and extends to meet the curve at the farthest point of each end. Any ellipse is symmetrical with respect to its major axis the portion on one side of the major axis is a mirror image of the portion on the other side. Ellipses are also symmetrical with respect to their minor axes, lines perpendicular to the major axis at the midpoint between the two foci.

 An ellipse can be drawn by placing two tacks in a piece of paper at the two foci

and loosely tying a length of string between them. A pencil holding the string tight will trace an ellipse as it moves.

An ellipse can also be drawn by graphing its equation on xy axes. The equation of an ellipse centred at (0, 0)where the x and y axes meetis

The more general equation of an ellipse centred at any point (h, k) is

 The variable

a is one-half the length of the ellipses major axis; b is one-half the length of the minor axis. The equation (x 2)2 + (y - 1)2 = 22, for

example, represents an ellipse centered at (2, 1). The area of an ellipse is equal to the constant pi (p) times a times b: A = pab. A numerical value called eccentricity determines the shape of an ellipse. Eccentricity is the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis. Ellipses range in shape from perfectly circular when eccentricity equals 0, to extremely long and narrow when eccentricity approaches 1. Eccentricity is always less than 1, and is equal to

ELLIPSE
Passing a plane through a double cone at an angle less than the slope of the side of the cone produces an ellipse.

One-half the length of the

ellipse is called the major axis and is abbreviated a, and one-half the width of the ellipse is called the minor axis and is abbreviated b.Tilting the plane will change the relative magnitudes of a and b, producing ellipses that are

more nearly circular or more

narrow (elliptical). A circle is actually a special case of an ellipse in which a and b are equal.

 Hyperbola, two-dimensional curve with two mirror-image, U-shaped branches

that do not touch and face in opposite directions. The arms of each branch separate as they recede. The difference between the distances from any point on a hyperbola to two fixed points, called the foci, is a constant. Each branch contains one of the foci in its interior area; the line joining the foci intersects each branch in a point called a vertex. The line through the vertices and the foci is called the transverse axis. The line perpendicular to the transverse axis and passing through the point midway between the vertices is the conjugate axis. The two axes meet at the centre of the hyperbola. The hyperbola is symmetric with respect to each axis, meaning that the portion that lies to one side of the line is a mirror image of the portion on the other side.

 A hyperbola has two asymptotes passing through the centre. An asymptote of a

curve is a straight line that gets closer and closer to the curve but never quite touches it as both the curve and the asymptote extend to infinity. A hyperbola that has asymptotes that are perpendicular to each other is called a rectangular or equilateral hyperbola.

 A hyperbola can be drawn by graphing its equation on

x y axes. The equation of a hyperbola with a centre at (0, 0)the point where the x and y axes
meetis

while the more general equation of a hyperbola centred at any point (h, k) is

 The variable

a represents the distance from the hyperbolas centre to either vertex. The variable b is one-half the distance between the two asymptotes
along a line tangent to a vertex (a line that just barely touches the hyperbola at the vertex).

The hyperbola is a member of a family of curves called conic sections. Conic sections are formed by a plane that cuts through a double-ended right circular cone (two cones held tip to tip). The angle at which the plane passes through the cone determines the shape of the curve it produces. Hyperbolas are produced when the plane passes through both ends of the cone.

 Hyperbolas have useful mathematical and scientific properties. In particular, the

angle between two lines joining a point on the hyperbola to the two foci is bisected (divided exactly in half) by the tangent to the hyperbola at that point. In astronomy, some orbits are hyperbolic in shape. For example, certain cometsthose that have a high enough velocity and a large enough mass so that they cannot be captured by the Sun's gravitational fieldmove in hyperbolic orbits. The modern navigational system called loran also uses hyperbolas.

HYPERBOLA
Passing a plane through a double cone parallel to the axis of the cone produces a double curve called a

hyperbola. Graphing the

equation shown also produces a hyperbola. The equation depends on two lines that cross at a point midway between the hyperbola's two foci and extend outward an infinite distance. The distance from any point on either half

of a hyperbola to the far

focus minus the distance to the near focus is always the same for that hyperbola.

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