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1. Hm sn xut:
1.1. Hm sn xut: xc nh sn lng ti a c th t c sn xut t bt k khi lng cho trc no ca u vo vi mt trnh cng ngh nht nh .
Hm sn xut ph bin nht ca cc doanh nghip l hm sn xut Cobb Douglas c dng: Q = A.K.L (; > 0, < 1) +A l hng s , tu thuc vo n v o lng , u ra, u vo , biu th trnh cng ngh sn xut . +, l hng s cho bit tm quan trng tng i ca lao ng v vn trong qu trnh + Mi ngnh sn xut v cng ngh khc nhau sn xut. th , khc nhau. + , biu th hiu sut theo qui m sn xut ca hng.
gia u vo v ra.
* Nu: + < 1: Hm sn xut biu th hiu sut gim theo qui m ( vo tng nhiu hn u ra) + = 1: Hm sn xut biu th hiu sut khng i theo qui m. + > 1: Hm sn xut biu th hiu sut tng theo qui m (hu ht cc hng c iu ny).
K 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
L 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q 0 10 21 31 39 42 42 40
M PPL 0 10 11 10 8 3 0 -2
Vi K khng i s lao ng tng ln (L tng) =>cho s cng nhn trn mt my gim v tng ln n mt mc no s khin cho nh xng cng khng ch, thiu my mc .. cn tr thao tc sn xut => NSL gim => Q gim => MPPL gim dn khi L tng ln do mi L tng gp thm 1 lng gim dn vo qu trnh SX. iu ny ph bin vi mi hng => cc nh kinh t khc khi qut thnh qui lut hiu sut gim dn.
K
K1
A1
K2
A2
Q1 0
L1 L2
K . MPPk + L . MPPl = 0
* Mt s ng ng lng c bit
K
K2
A2
K1
A Iso quant 1
L2 L1
K Q2 Q1 L
K2
K1
L1
L2
A2
A1
TC/w
0
L2 L1
3. La chn kt hp u vo ti u:
K TC
K*
A
C
Q3
q2
Q1
L*
CMR: Di hn hng c kh nng ti thiu ho chi ph sn xut hn trong ngn hn (w, r khng i) TC K TCdi hn
TCngn hn
Ka1
Ka
A1 A A1 Q2
q1
La La1
La1
VC (variable cost) l nhng chi ph thay i khi mc sn lng thay i: nguyn vt liu, nhn cng.. TC (total cost) l ton b chi ph c nh v bin i sn xut ra mc sn lng.
TC = FC + VC
TC VC FC
TC = FC + VC
AFC =
AVC (Average variable cost) AVC = VC/ Q ATC (Average total cost) ATC = TC / Q
MC
ATC
AVC
AFC
0 Q
L ton b chi ph sn xut ra mt mc sn lng nht nh Q1: TC1 = K1.r1 + L1.w1 Q2: TC2 = K1.r1 + L2.w2 Q2: TC2 = K2.r2 + L2.w2
LAC = LTC/Q
Trong ngn hn qui lut hiu sut gim dn chi phi nhng trong di hn chu s chi phi ca qui lut hiu sut theo qui m.
LAC
0 Q
LAC
LAC = LMC
a s LAC hnh ch U
C LAC
Q*
* Nguyn nhn:
LMC =
LTC /
Q = (LTC)q
Hnh dng: Tu theo hng c tnh trng hiu sut theo qui m nh th no:
LAC LMC
0 Q
LMC =LAC
LAC
LAC
SATC1
A A
c 1
Q1
Q2
Q3
III. Li nhun
* Khi nim -Li nhun kinh t = TR - TC kt - Li nhun k ton = TR - TC kton * Cc nhn t nh hng ti li nhun
LN = TR TC = P . Q ATC . Q
= Q. ( P - ATC )
2. Ti a ho li nhun:
* Doanh thu cn bin MR (Marginal Revenue):
MR = TRq
TR /
Q = (TR)q or TRq+1 -
Q = 0 <=>
TR -
TC /
Q=0
MR = MC
Ti mc sn lng Q* ti MR = MC hng t li nhun cc i
Chng V: Th trng cnh tranh v c quyn I. Th trng v phn loi th trng * Khi nim th trng * Phn loi th trng * Cc tiu thc phn loi
Loi th trng
V d
S lng ngi sx
Loi sn phm
Hng ro ra nhp
CT HH CT Q Q T Q
Rt nhiu
ng nht
Khng c Qung co, khuyn mi Qung co, khuyn mi, thanh ton Khng c, nu qung co ch gii thiu
Nhiu
Phn bit
Xe my, t, du m
Mt s
Cao
Cao
in, ng st
1 hng
Duy nht
Rt cao
Rt cao
Hng chp nhn gi sn c trn th trng nn ng cu hng CTHH l ng nm ngang, ti mc gi cn bng ca th trng
Stt
MC
ATC
Pe
Pe
D=MR
Dtt
0 Qe Q 0 Qe Q
Hng bn mi sn phm mc gi Pe
=> P = MR => ng doanh thu cn bin trng vi ng cu * Chng minh: Q* ti P = MC hng t li nhun ti a
P.Q = FC + AVC. Q
Qhv = FC/(P - AVC) * im ng ca hay tip tc sn xut
P A
I
MC
ATC
AVC
Pa
Pe
Pb Pe
0
B
C
D =M R
Q*
5. ng cung ca CTHH v ng cung * Hng CTHH c Pngnh = MC nn ng cung ca hng CTHH trng vi ng MC
P
MC
AVC
P 2 P1
Q1 Q2
D = MR
P0
Q
Q1 Q2 Q3
P, C
MR 0
D Q
Li nhun cc i l:
P1 P* P 2 Pb
A1
MC
A A2 ATC
B MR
D Q
Q1 Q*
Q2
* Hng Q khng c ng cung hay ni cch khc khng c mi quan h hm s gia P v Qs.
* Trong Q s dch chuyn ca ng cu c th lm P thay i Q gi nguyn, hoc P gi nguyn Q thay i hoc c P v Q u thay i.
P
D1
P1 P2 D2
P
MC
MC
P1 P2 D2
MR2
MR2 D1 MR1
MR1
Q1
Q1 Q2
P
MC
P2
P1 MR2 MR1 Q*2
D2
D1
Q
Q*1
6. Sc mnh c quyn bn
Q bn t P > MC=> c sc mnh Q bn
7. Phn bit gi: (Price Discrimination) 7.1. Phn bit gi hon ho (cp 1) P MC P MC
P* P S MR 0
Q* Q*
P* CS
D PS
MR = D
Q 0
Q*
P*
P* MR 0
Q1 Q2
ATC MC D Q
Q*
Q*
D2
MRtt MR1
D1
MR2
Q2
Q1 Qtt
MC D2
D1 MR2 Q
MC
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q*
- C nhiu ngi bn
- Sn phm khc nhau (d bit ho)
-Mi hng l ngi sn xut duy nht i vi sn phm ca mnh nn c sc mnh th trng tuy nhin L ca hng CTQ thp hn so vi Q v c nhiu hng khc sn xut cc sn phm c kh nng thay th - Vic ra nhp hay rt khi th trng l tng i d - Hnh thc cnh tranh ch yu l qung co d bit ho sn phm camnh, hu mi, ...
* ng cu ca hng CTQ
- ng cu ca hng CTQ chnh l ng cu th trng v tuy th trng c nhiu hng sx nhng cc sn phm khc -nhau ng cu ca hng CTQ dc xung t
tri sang phi tuy nhin thoi hn so vi Q * Xc P*,Q*, li nhun ca hng CTQ
Q* xc nh ti MR =MC, P* xc inh trn ng cu
P*
MC
P*
ATC
A
LAC
D MR 0 Q* Q 0 Q* MR D Q
- Ngn hn LN>0 => hng nhp ngnh=>th phn gim => D dch chuyn sang tri tip xc LAC =>LN = 0 t cn bng di hn * So snh cn bng DN ca CTHH v CTQ + Ging: NH c LN > 0 => cc hng nhp ngnh, cui cng t cn bng DH khi LN = 0 + Khc: CTHH cung tng S d/c sang phi, CTQ cu gim, D dch chuyn sang tri * Ch : Trong di hn hng CTQ c th phi sn xut vi cng sut tha?
2. Th trng c quyn tp on
2.1. Khi nim: L th trng ch c mt s hng sn xut v bn sn phm. Cc sn phm ging nhau gi l Q T thun tu, sn phm khc nhau gi l QT phn bit 2.2. c im: - C 1 s hng trn th trng nhng c qui m rt ln
- Cc hng ph thuc ln nhau, mt hng ra quyt nh phi cn nhc phn ng ca cc i th (phn ng nhanh qua gi hoc phn ng chm bng vic a ra s/p mi - Hng ro ra nhp rt cao nn s gia nhp ngnh l rt kh thng qua: tnh kinh t theo qui m, bn quyn hoc b cc hng c lin kt tr a
2.3.M hnh ng cu gy khc trong th trng CTQ (The kinked demand curve
model)
D2
MC2
MC1
P*
D1 0 MR2 Q*
MR1
Q
- c im c bn khi ng cu gy khc th ng doanh thu cn bin MR t qung (gin on ti mc sn lng Q*) - Sn lng t 0 => Q* hng c ng cu thoi (D1, MR1), cu co dn ln theo gi
- Sn lng t Q* tr ln hng c ng cu dc (D2, MR2), cu co dn t theo gi T cc c im ny nn hng QT c ng cu gy khc l kt hp ca D1v D2
- Ti Q* MR b t qung, hay c khong trng gi l lp m chi ph cho php hng gi c gi v sn lng khi chi ph cn bin MC thay i trong lp m. - Lp m chi ph to cho cc hng QT c kh nng gi s n nh trong gi v sn lng ti u, to nn tnh cng nhc ca gi v sn lng.
2.4. L thuyt tr chi: - L thuyt tr chi m t nhng quyt nh thng minh nht ca cc hng ph thuc ln nhau. Nhng tr chi kinh t tin hnh mt cch hp tc hp tc. -hoc Nu khng cc hng hp tc th s c hp ng rng buc khin h c th hoch nh nhng chin lc chung (v ngc li). - Nu hp tc th P cao v Q gim, li nhun tng tuy nhin thng khng chc chn, do cc hng thng ph cam kt tng li nhun cho ring mnh.
W
W2
W1
t1
t2
t* xc nh <=>MUlv = MClv
MUnn
A3 t3
A A 2 t1 t 2 24gi
0 TGnn
TGlv 0
S
A3
W2 W1 A1
A2
S3
S1 S2
w w2 SL
w3
w1
0 t1 t2 t 3 t
II. Cu v lao ng
1. Khi nim:
Cu v lao ng l dn xut, th pht, pht sinh (derived demand) n ph thuc vo sn lng ca doanh nghip.
W
W1
W2
Dl
0 L1
L2
2. Sn phm doanh thu cn bin ca lao ng: MRPl- Marginal Revenue Product of Labour * Sn phm cn bin ca lao ng (Marginal product of labour)
MRPl = Q / L = Ql
MPl tun theo qui lut nng sut cn bin gim dn
* MRPl = TR / L= MR. MPL * CTHH: MR = P => MRPL = P . MPL * Q: MR # P => MRPL = MR.MPL # P.MPL
MRPL l mt ng dc xung t tri sang phi do qui lut hiu sut cn bin gim dn chi phi. T c im ca th trng Q c gi cao hn MC nn ng MRPl th trng Q dc hn v nm di ng MRPl trong th trng CTHH.
W1
Lm
Lc
Dl
Sl
We
W e
Sl
MRPL
Le
L*
* Mt s khi nim:
TEl = W. L
(tin cng nhn vi s lng lao ng )
Tng chi tiu ca lao ng: Total expenditure labour
MEl = TE / L
MEl nm trn ng Sl
Do Sl ch phn nh mc lng ca lao ng; cn MEl phn nh chi ph thc t phi tr khi thu thm mt l bao gm c lng v cc CP # nh bo him...
L* l s L thu ti u xc nh l giao ca MEl v MRPl (=Dl) W T2 L QM bng t L* trn ng cung Sl v l mc lng W*. thp hn mc lng khi th trng lao ng l cnh tranh (xc nh bng giao ca Sl v Dl).
Dl=MRPl
L* L2 Q
Mun tin cng l max , mc L (L1) xc inh ti im MR giao vi Sl, v t L1 trn ng cu Dl ta c mc lng rt cao W1.
W1
W2 W3
SL
Dl
MR 0 L1 L2 L* L
c quyn song phng xy ra khi trn th trng xut hin c c quyn bn v c quyn mua sc lao ng.
* c quyn bn: im A, L2 = MR x Sl, cn gi W2 xc inh trn ng cung h mong mun t c im ti u l (W2 , L2). * c quyn mua: im B, L1 =MEL x DL, mc lng W1 xc nh trn Sl, Im (W1,
L1).
W2 W* W1
SL
DL MR
Q
L1 L2
L*
Nu 2 bn khng bn no c sc mnh tuyt i th mc lng s giao ng trong khong t W1 n W2. Nu sc mnh c quyn mua > c quyn bn th mc lng s gn vi W1 v ngc li nu nu c quyn mua < c quyn bn th mc lng s gn vi W2.
Trong trng hp sc mnh c quyn mua v c quyn bn l ngang nhau th th trng s xc nh im ti u ti kt hp (L*, W*).
A
B 0
Nhm B(ngho)
C D MR
Q*d Q*c
- S trc trc ca th trng gy nn mt khng cho x hi (DWL: Dead weight loss) - Xut hin cc chi ph khng c li cho nn kinh t: qung co, vn ng hnh lang...
2. nh hng ngoi ng (externality) * Khi no xut hin nh hng ngoi ng:
khi mt hot ng tiu dng hay sn xut c tc ng i vi cc hot ng tiu dng hay sn xut khc.
2.1. nh hng ngoi ng tiu cc:khi mt hot ng ca mt bn p t nhng chi ph cho mt bn khc
* V d: xt nh hng ngoi ng tiu cc do nhim t vic sn xut sn tng hp (gi s y l mt ngnh sn xut trong th trng CTHH).
MSC: Marginal social cost- chi ph cn bin ca x hi do c nh hng ngoi ng MEC: Marginal externality cost- chi ph cn bin ngoi ng
MSC = MC + MEC
MEC dc ln t 0 v khng sn xut khng c nh hng Ti B cha tnh n MEC nn sn xut l Q2, P2; Ti A c tnh n MEC => P = MSC, sn xut Pe,Qe
P
Pe
CP
MSC
A
B
MC MEC
P2
D 0
Qe Q2
Li ch cn bin ca x hi: MSB Marginal social benefit l tng li ch m thc t XH thu c t thm mt nh trng hoa. Li ch cn bin ngoi ng: (MEB: Marginal externality benefit) l ch li thc s thu c t vic c thm mt nh na trng hoa CP cn bin(MC): l chi ph thm mt h gia nh trng hoa
MSB = MU + MEB
Pa
Pb
MC
MSB
MU MEB
Qa
Qb
* Hng ho cng cng cng gy nn mt tnh trng l s trng ch, ni vo Nh nc ca nhng k n khng, khng chu u t hoc ph hoi hay s dng lng ph cc hng ho cng cng. * v d: qui nh khng c ph hoi cy ci nhng nhiu ngi c o hoa mang v nh trng ri li Nh nc mang hoa n trng li. => khc phc s trc trc ny ny cn c s phi hp tp th; s hp tc gia cc c nhn v tp th c th t c cc kt qu nh mong mun. Mt x hi cng vn minh th cng c nhiu hng ho cng cng.