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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits

Applications of Electronic Devices
225

Andrew E. Milks PE
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Positive Feedback and Oscillators
Phase Shift Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Tuned Oscillator
Crystal Oscillator
555 Timer
Voltage Controlled Oscillator

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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Positive Feedback

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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Positive Feedback
Causes the system to become unstable (oscillate)
and increase the size of the output

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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Shift Oscillator
Gain must be high enough to cause oscillation
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Shift Oscillator
Gain must be high enough to cause oscillation
The RC components cause a total shift of 180 degrees
6 2
1
RC
f
t
=
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Shift Oscillator
Practical FET and BJT phase shift oscillators
6 2
1
RC
f
t
=
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Shift Oscillator
Practical FET and BJT phase shift oscillators
6 2
1
RC
f
t
=
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Wien Bridge Oscillator


If and
2 2 1 1
2
1
C R C R
f
o
t
=
2 1 2 1
, C C R R = =
2
4
3
>
R
R
RC
f
o
t 2
1
=
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Wien Bridge Oscillator


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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
OP AMP Wien Bridge Oscillator


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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Tuned Oscillator
Based on the resonant frequency


eq eq
o
C L
f
t 2
1
=
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Colpitts FET Tuned Oscillator
Based on the resonant frequency
C1 and C2 can be considered to be in series since no current
flows in to the gate


2 1
2 1
2
1
C C
C C
L
f
o
+
=
t
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Colpitts BJT Tuned Oscillator
Based on the resonant frequency
C1 and C2 are in series


2 1
2 1
2
1
C C
C C
L
f
o
+
=
t
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Colpitts Op Amp Tuned Oscillator
Based on the resonant frequency
C1 and C2 are in series


2 1
2 1
2
1
C C
C C
L
f
o
+
=
t
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Hartley Tuned Oscillator
Based on the resonant frequency
Similar to Colpitts except L1 and L2 are in series
The combination is parallel with C
M is the mutual inductance


C M L L C L
f
eq
o
) 2 ( 2
1
2
1
2 1
+ +
= =
t t
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Crystal Oscillator
Applying voltage to a crystal causes oscillations
Each crystal oscillates at 2 frequencies f1 when connected in
series f2 when connected in parallel which can be amplified in an
oscillator





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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Crystal Oscillator
Series oscillator circuit (f1)





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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Crystal Oscillator
Series square wave oscillator circuit (f1)





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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Crystal Oscillator
Parallel oscillator circuit (f2)





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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Crystal Oscillator
Miller parallel oscillator circuit (f2)





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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
IC Timers 555
Modes of operation
Astable square wave oscillator
Monostable one shot pulse generator
Both modes are based on capacitor charging and
discharging




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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
IC Timers 555
Function blocks
2 comparators
RS flip flop
Capacitor
discharging BJT
switch




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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
IC Timers 555
Astable Oscillator
Output is on (high) when
capacitor is charging through 2
resistors
Output is off (low) when
capacitor is discharging
through 1 resistor
Note the duty cycle cannot be
50%



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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
IC Timers 555
Astable Oscillator



C R T T
C R R T T
B low OFF
B A high ON
) ( 7 . 0
) ( 7 . 0
~ =
+ ~ =
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
IC Timers 555
Mono stable One Shot
One output pulse for each time
the circuit is triggered



C R T T T
P high ON
) ( 1 . 1 ~ = =
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VCO 556
The oscillator output frequency
depends on the input
modulation voltage
Square and triangular wave outputs
available


|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
+
V
V V
C R
f
C
o
1 1
2
C
V
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Voltage Controlled
Oscillator VCO 556


|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
+
V
V V
C R
f
C
o
1 1
2
C
V
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Voltage Controlled
Oscillator VCO 556


Hz
V
V V
C R
f
C
o
8 . 31
2
1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
+
C
V
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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Locked Loop PLL 565
Used in communication
circuits
Square wave output
Closed loop operation
The output signal is
compared to a reference and
adjusted to get the same zero
crossing


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Chapter 23 Oscillator Circuits
Phase Locked Loop PLL 565
Used in communication
circuits
Frequency Demodulation
FM
Frequency Synthesis
multiples of the fundamental
input locked in phase