SNG IN T V PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

CC PHN TRNH BY:

S

RA I CA PHNG TRNH MAXWELL CC H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL SNG IN T NG DNG SNG IN T TRONG THNG TIN LIN LC

S RA I CA PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

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2. 3. 4.

H phng trnh Maxwell ban bao gm 4 phng trnh, c ra bi James Clerk Maxwell. c dng m t trng in t cng nh tng tc ca chng i vi vt cht. Bn phng trnh Maxwell c m t nh sau: in tch >> in trng nh th no?(Gauss). Dng in >> t trng nh th no?( Ampere). T trng >> in trng nh th no?( Faraday). S tn ti vt cht ca t tch.

cng thc ca Maxwell vo nm 1865 bao gm 20 phng trnh , 20 n s, nhiu phng trnh c coi l ngun gc ca phng trnh Maxwell ngy nay. Cc phng trnh ca Maxwell tng qut ha cc nh lut thc nghim c pht hin t trc.
Cc

Cc m hnh c chun ha
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2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Chnh sa li nh lut Ampere. nh lut Gauss cho in tch. Mi quan h gia dng in tng v dch. Mi quan h t trng<> th nng vect. Mi quan h in trng<>th nng v hng hay vecto. Mi quan h gia in trng <> trng dch chuyn. nh lut Ohm v mt dng in v in trng. Phng trnh c tnh lin tc.

phng trnh Maxwell nguyn bn c vit li bi Oliver Heaviside v Willard Gibbs. Nm 1888, Heinrich Hertz lm th nghim pht sng in t xc nhn tng ca Maxwell. Nm 1891, Hertz tng kt nhng cng trnh ca mnh, khng nh nhng l thuyt ca Maxwell.
1884,Cc

CC H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

PHNG

TRNH MAXWELL-FARADAY 1. in trng xoy 2. Phng trnh Maxwell- Faraday PHNG TRNH MAXWELL- AMPERE H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL 1. Phng trnh Maxwell th 1 2. Phng trnh Maxwell th 2

PHNG

TRNH MAXWELL- FARADAY

IN TRNG XOY
nh lut Faraday v hin tng cm ng in t, mi khi t thng qua mt mch in bin thin th trong mch xut hin mt sut in ng cm ng. Nu mch l mt dy dn kn, th trong mch s xut hin dng in cm ng. Sut in ng cm ng s xut hin trong hai trng hp: hoc l mch ng yn trong mt t trng bin thin, hoc l mch thng chuyn ng trong t trng.
Theo

in trng ny khng phi l trng tnh in. V trng tnh in l trng th nn lu s ca vect trng tnh in dc theo mt ng cong kn phi bng khng. V th, trng tnh in khng th duy tr s dch chuyn in tch theo mch kn, tc l khng th lm xut hin sut in ng. Tri li, in trng xut hin trong hin tng cm ng in t l in trng xoy, c ng sc khp kn.

Qua thc nghim, Maxwell thy rng s xut hin ca sut in ng trong mch khng ph thuc vo trng thi, bn cht v iu kin vt l ca vt dn cu to nn mch. iu chng t rng, s xut hin ca sc in ng cm ng, hay ni khc i, in trng xoy khng c lin quan n vt dn cu to nn mch, m n c quyt nh bi t trng. T nhng nhn xt trn y, Maxwell rt ra kt lun quan trng c tnh tng qut sau: "Mi t trng bin thin theo thi gian u lm xut hin in trng xoy".

Phng trnh Maxwell- Faraday

Kt

lun trn c th din t mt cch nh lng, da trn nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t: Th in ng cm ng xut hin trong mch c gi tr bng tc bin thin ca t thng qua in tch gii hn bi mch:

Phng trnh Maxwell- Faraday

Ta

c phng trnh Maxwell- Faraday:

PHNG TRNH MAXWELLAMPERE

Theo

gi thuyt ca Maxwell, dng in dch cng gy ra t trng. Chiu ca t trng ny cng c xc nh theo qui tc vn nt chai ging nh vi dng in dn. Hnh 16.4a,b biu din cc ng sc t gy ra bi 2 bn cc ca t in.

Ta c: Biu thc ny nu ln quan h nh lng gia dng in ton phn v t trng, hay ni khc i, n nu ln quan h gia t trng v in trng bin thin. l phng trnh c bn th hai ca thuyt Maxwell. Phng trnh ny c rt ra t nh l Ampre v lu s ca cng t trng, nn c gi l phng trnh Maxwell-Ampre. T biu thc trn ta c th suy ra pt vi phn Ampere nh sau:

H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

1.

2.

Phng trnh Maxwell th 1 Phng trnh Maxwell th 2

Phng trnh Maxwell th 1

H phng trnh Maxwell th nht, c thit lp da trn c s phng trnh Maxwell- Ampere. din t mi quan h gia t trng vi dng in dn v t trng bin thin. Ta cn thm vo phng trnh lin h gia vecto dch D v cc in tch t do. Tc l phng trnh ca nh l Ostrogladski- Gauss: Nu mi trng ta ang xt l dn in,th c tn ti dng in dn v lin h vi vecto E bng biu thc:

 Cc

phng trnh trn thnh lp phng trnh Maxwell th 1 l:

Phng trnh Maxwell th 2

H

phng trnh Maxwell th 2 c xy dng da trn Pt Maxwell- Faraday:

nh l Ostrogradski-Gauss cho t trng: h s cm ng t:

cc phng trnh trn ta c h phng trnh Maxwell th 2:

Cc phng trnh ca h phi c gii ng thi. Nh h phng trnh th nht, ta c th xc nh c t trng do dng in v in trng bin thin gy nn. Nh h phng trnh th hai, ta xc nh c in trng xoy do t trng bin thin gy nn. Ngoi ra, v cc phng trnh va xt c cha cc i lng ph thuc thi gian nn ta cn phi bit thm cc iu kin ban u na. hiu r hn, chng ta i vo nghin cu ng dng ca n i vi song in t.

SNG IN T
Th

nghim ca Hertz v sng in t Phn loi ng dng

Th nghim ca Hertz v sng in t

Ni mt ngun xoay chiu cao tn vo hai u ca hai ng dy t cm L v L, hai u cn li ca L v L ni vi hai thanh kim loi c hai qu cu kim loi A,B kh gn nhau. Khi iu chnh hiu in th v khong cch gia A , B sao cho c hin tng phng in gia A, B th ti mi im trong khng gian ln cn A v B u c mt cp vect cng in trng v cng t trng bin thin theo thi gian.

to thnh sng in t: Kt qu th nghim ca Hertz c gii thch bng hai lun im ca Maxwell. Khi c s phng in, in trng gia A v B gim, bin i theo thi gian, theo lun im th hai ca Maxwell, in trng bin i 0 s sinh ra mt t trng ngha l ti cc im M, M1,M2, xut hin cc vect cng t trng , cng bin i theo thi gian.

Theo lun im th nht ca Maxwell, t trng bin i theo thi gian li sinh ra in trng xoy, do ti cc im M, M1,M2 li xut hin cc vect cng in trng. Nh vy, trong qu trnh phng in gia A v B cp vect v lun chuyn ho cho nhau v c truyn i t im ny ti im khc trong khng gian, qu trnh truyn to thnh sng in t. T ta c th suy ra,Sng in t ch l trng in t bin thin truyn lan trong khng gian.

Phn loi sng in t

NG DNG SNG IN T TRONG THNG TIN LIN LC

RADIO

WAVES MICRO WAVES RADAR

RADIO WAVES
radio c tn s trong khong t 30 KHz (di tn LF) n 300MHz (di tn VHF), bc sng t 1m n 103 m. Sng radio bao gm: sng di (LF), sng trung (MF), sng ngn (HF), sng cc ngn (VHF).
Sng

di (30KHz-300KHz):B mt t v cc vt cn hp th mnh sng di. Sng di phn x tt cc tng in li, c th phn x nhiu ln nn b tng in li hp th mnh nn cng sut truyn phi ln. Sng di khng b hin tng fading (gy bi hin tng giao thoa), iu kin truyn n nh nn thng c dng lin lc trong cc thnh ph.
Sng

Sng trung (300KHz-3000KHz): Sng trung b hin tng fading mnh, thng dng lin lc trong thnh ph ln. Sng ngn (3000KHz-30MHz): b mt t v cc vt cn hp th mnh do c tn s cao. u im ca sng ngn l c th lin lc i rt xa. Sng cc ngn: Cc sng ny khng b phn x tng in li m i xuyn qua n vo khng gian v tr Thng dng trong pht truyn hnh v pht thanh FM, lin lc ra v tr.

MICRO WAVES
viba(Micro waves) l sng in t c tn s t 300MHz n 3000MHz , c bc sng t 10-1 m n 1m (UHF). N ging nh sng nh sng hay sng radio v n cng chim mt phn ph in t.
Sng

thng c s dng tip m cc tn hiu in thoi c khong cch truyn xa, cc chng trnh truyn hnh hay cc thng tin my tnh c truyn t tri t ti mt trm v tinh trong v tr. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th dng microwaves nhn bit c tc ca xe t v cc phng tin giao thng.
Microwaves

RADAR
pht hin vt mt khong cch bng s phn hi cc sng radio. Khong thi gian ca s phn hi xc nh khong cch. Phng hng ca tia xc nh hng ca s phn hi. S phn cc v tn s ca sng phn hi c th cho bit b mt ca vt.
Radar

Radar nh v qut mt vng khng gian rng t 2 n 4 ln trong 1 pht. Dng sng ngn phn hi t t hay . Radar s dng ph bin trn tu thng mi hay my bay thng mi ng di. Radar dng cho mc ch thng thng dng tn s radar nh v, nhng khng phi cc tia iu bin v phn cc cc my thu xc nh b mt ca vt phn hi. Radar thng thng tt nht c th nh dng ma trong cn bo, cng nh mt t hay cc phng tin di chuyn. Mt s c th ln cng d liu m thanh v d liu bn t nh v GPS.

Radar tm kim qut mt vng rng ln vi xung tia radio ngn. Chng thng qut mt vng khng gian t 2 n 4 ln 1 pht. Thnh thong radar dng hiu ng Doppler tch phng tin vn chuyn vi mi trng. Radar d tm mc tiu s dng cng nguyn l nh radar tm kim nhng qut vng khng gian nh hn nhiu, thng l vi ln 1 giy hay hn na. Radar thi tit tng t radar d tm, nhng s dng tia radio vi s phn cc trn v c bc sng phn hi t cc git nc. Vi radar s dng Doppler o tc gi.

BI THUYT TRNH NHM EM KT THC , CM N THY V CC BN CH LNG NGHE!