Lecture Objectives:

- Define turbulence
Solve turbulent flow example
Define average and instantaneous velocities



- Define Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations



Fluid dynamics and CFD movies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDeGDFZSYo8

http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-6225/10237_read-26563/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOGXEfgKttM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFeSZZ49vAs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o53ghmaSFY8


x
Flow direction
line l

y

Point A

Point B
The figure below shows a turbulent boundary layer due to forced convection above the flat plate.
The airflow above the plate is steady-state.

Consider the points A and B above the plate and line l parallel to the plate.

HW problem

Point A
a) For the given time step presented on the figure above plot the velocity
Vx and Vy along the line l.
b) Is the stress component t
xy
lager at point A or point B? Why?
c) For point B plot the velocity Vy as function of time.
Method for solving of Navier Stokes
(conservation) equations
Analytical
- Define boundary and initial conditions. Solve the partial
deferential equations.
- Solution exist for very limited number of simple cases.

Numerical
- Split the considered domain into finite number of
volumes (nodes). Solve the conservation equation for
each volume (node).
x
v
x
v
x x
A
A
=
c
c
Infinitely small difference finite small difference
Numerical method
Simulation domain for indoor air and pollutants
flow in buildings
Solve p, u, v, w, T, C
3D space
Split or Discretize
into smaller volumes
Capturing the flow properties
nozzle
Eddy ~ 1/100 in
Mesh (volume) should be smaller than eddies !
(approximately order of value)
2
Mesh size for direct Numerical
Simulations (DNS)
Also, Turbulence is 3-D phenomenon !
~2000 cells
~1000
For 2D wee need ~ 2 million cells
Mesh size
For 3D simulation domain
3D space (room)
5 m
4 m
2.5 m
Mesh size 0.1m 50,000 nodes
Mesh size 0.01m 50,000,000 nodes
Mesh size 0.001m 5 10
10
nodes
Mesh size 0.0001m 5 10
13
nodes
supply
exhaust
jet
jet
Indoor airflow
turbulent
The question is:
What we are interested in:
- main flow or
- turbulence?
We need to model turbulence!
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes
equations
First Methods on Analyzing
Turbulent Flow
- Reynolds (1895) decomposed the velocity field into a time average
motion and a turbulent fluctuation
- Likewise
| stands for any scalar: v
x
, v
y
, , v
z
, T, p, where:

) z, y, (x, v z) y, (x, V ) z, y, (x, v
'
x x x
t t + =
,
| | + u =
t |
t
t t
t
d
}
A +
A
= u
1
Time averaged component
V
x
v
x

From this class
We are going to make a difference
between large and small letters
Averaging Navier Stokes equations
,
+ =
' v V v
x x x
+ =
,
p P p + =
' v V v
y y y
+ =
' T T T + =
' v V v
z z z
+ =
Substitute into Navier Stokes equations
Continuity equation:
0
z
' v
y
' v
x
' v
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
) ' v V (
y
) ' v V (
x
) ' v V (
z
v
y
v
x
v
z
y
x z
y
x z z
y y
x x z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
+ c
+
c
+ c
+
c
+ c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
0
z
' v
y
' v
x
' v
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Average whole equation:
Instantaneous velocity
Average
velocity
fluctuation
around
average
velocity
0
z
' v
y
' v
x
' v
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Average of average = average Average of fluctuation = 0
0 0 0
0
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Average
time
u = u
u = + u ' |
0 ' = u|
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1
' ' ) ' )( ' ( | | | | | | + u u = + u + u =
0 ' = |
Time Averaging Operations
u = div div|
u = ) ( grad div grad div |
) ( ) ( ) (
'
2
'
1 2 1 2 1
| | | | div div div + u u =
Example: of Time Averaging
) v div(grad
z
v
y
v
x
v
x
2
x
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

) v v ( v v ) v v (
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v
x x x
x
z
x
y
x
x

= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
div div div
=0 continuity
x
2
x
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
S
z
v

y
v

x
v

x
p
)
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v

v
( +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x M x x
x
S ) v div(grad
x
p
)) v div(v

v
( + +
c
c
= +
c
c

Write continuity equations in a short format:

+ + = k v j v i v v
z y x
Short format of continuity equation in x direction:
Averaging of Momentum Equation
x x x
x
S ) v div(grad
x
p
)) v div(v

v
( + +
c
c
= +
c
c

x x x
x
S ) v div(grad
x
p
) v div(v

v
+ +
c
c
= +
c
c

) v' V (

) v' V (

x x x x x x x
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
+ c
=
c
+ c
=
c
c
averaging
0
z
v v
y
v v
x
v v
) k) v v j v v i v (v ( ) k) v j v i (v v ( ) v v (
'
z
'
x
'
y
'
x
'
x
'
x
'
z
'
x
' '
x
'
x
'
x
'
z
' '
x
'
x
' '
x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
= + + = + + =

y y
div div div
z
v v
y
v v
x
v v
) V (V ) v v ( ) V (V ) v v (
'
z
'
x
'
y
'
x
'
x
'
x
x
' '
x x x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + =

div div div div
) V div(grad ) V div(grad ) v div(grad
x
x
x
= =
Time Averaged Momentum Equation
x
'
z
'
x
'
y
'
x
'
x
'
x
2
x
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
2
x
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
S
z
v

y
v

x
v

x
p
)
z
v
v
y
v
v
x
v
v

v
( +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Instantaneous velocity
Average velocities
Reynolds stresses
For y and z direction:
y
'
z
'
y
'
y
'
y
'
x
'
y
2
y
2
2
y
2
2
y
2
y
z
y
y
y
x
y
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
'
z
'
z
'
y
'
z
'
x
'
z
2
z
2
2
z
2
2
z
2
z
z
z
y
z
x
z
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Total nine
Time Averaged Continuity Equation
Time Averaged Energy Equation
0
z
v
y
v
x
v
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Instantaneous velocities
Averaged velocities
0
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
q
z
T
k
y
T
k
x
T
k )
z
T
V
y
T
V
x
T
V

T
( c
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x p
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Instantaneous temperatures and velocities
Averaged temperatures and velocities
q
z
v T

y
v T

x
v T

z
T
k
y
T
k
x
T
k )
z
T
V
y
T
V
x
T
V

T
( c
'
z
' '
y
' '
x
'
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x p
+ +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes
equations
0
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
x
'
z
'
x
'
y
'
x
'
x
'
x
2
x
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Reynolds stresses
total 9 - 6 are unknown
y
'
z
'
y
'
y
'
y
'
x
'
y
2
y
2
2
y
2
2
y
2
y
z
y
y
y
x
y
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
'
z
'
z
'
y
'
z
'
x
'
z
2
z
2
2
z
2
2
z
2
z
z
z
y
z
x
z
S
z
v v

y
v v

x
v v

z
V

y
V

x
V

x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
same
Total 4 equations and 4 + 6 = 10 unknowns
We need to model the Reynolds stresses !
Modeling of Reynolds stresses
Eddy viscosity models
) v v (
x x
v v

'
x
'
x
'
x
'
x
c
c
=
c
c
Is proportional to deformation
'
j
'
i
v v
Boussinesq eddy-viscosity approximation
k
3
2
x
V
2 v v
x
t x x
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
i
j
j
i
x
V
x
V
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
x
V
y
V
v v v v
y
x
t x y y x
c
c
c
c
Average velocity
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
x
V
z
V
v v v v
z x
t x z z x
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
z
V
y
V
v v v v
y
z
t z y y z
c
c
c
c
k
3
2
V
2 v v
y
t y y
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
y c
c
k
3
2 V
2 v v
z
t z z
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
z c
c
k = kinetic energy
of turbulence
2
v v
2
v v
2
v v
k
'
z
'
z
'
y
'
y
'
x
'
x
+ + =
Substitute into Reynolds Averaged equations
t

Coefficient of proportionality
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes
equations
x T
y
t
y
t
y
t
x
z
x
y
x
x
x
S ]
z
V
) [(
z
]
y
V
) [(
y
]
x
V
) [(
x x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y T
y
t
y
t
y
t
y
z
y
y
y
x
y
S ]
z
V
) [(
z
]
y
V
) [(
y
]
x
V
) [(
x x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z T
y
t
y
t
y
t
z
z
z
y
z
x
z
S ]
z
V
) [(
z
]
y
V
) [(
y
]
x
V
) [(
x x
P
)
z
V
V
y
V
V
x
V
V

V
( +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
]
z
v
) (
y
v
) (
x
v
) [(
z
S S
z
t
y
t
x
t z tz z Tz
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + = s S
Similar is for S
Ty
and S
Tx

0
z
V
y
V
x
V
z
y
x
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Momentum:
Continuity:
4 equations 5 unknowns We need to model
1)
2)
3)
4)
t

Modeling of Turbulent Viscosity

Fluid property often called laminar viscosity

Flow property turbulent viscosity

......
- k
- k
- k
Re
3
2
1
Re
- k
Eq.
Two
Eq. - One
TKEM
constant
MVM
on based Models
t
t
f k
kl
l
Curvature
Buoyancy
Low
Layer
Layer
Layer
bounded
wall
Free
High
length mixing
e
c
v
MVM: Mean velocity models
TKEM: Turbulent kinetic energy equation models
LES: Large Eddy simulation models
RSM: Reynolds stress models
Additional models: