PRESSURE ON SOLIDS AND FLUIDS

DENSITY - is a measure of the compactness of a substance. = m/V

where: m = mass in g or kg V = volume in cm3 or m3 = density in g/cm3 or kg/m3 (See table 9.2 p. 301)

Question: 1. Why can you carry a person more easily in a swimming pool than on land? 2. Why is it easier to float in sea water than in fresh water?

Objectives
1. Explain the pressure-depth relationship 2. State Pascals Principle 3. Describe how Pascals principle is used in practical applications.

PRESSURE IN SOLIDS
PRESSURE - is a force per unit area P = F/A Unit: N/m2 or Pa (pascal)

Question:
If you push both a pin and a
barbecue stick against a cork board with equal force, which do you think will cut the cork board first? What determines whether your skin suffers a cut? Is it the force or pressure? Justify your answer.

Sample Problem The heel on the womans shoe

occupies an area of 1.19 x 10-3 m2 on the floor. How large a compressive stress (pressure) does a 55 kg woman exert on the floor when balancing on one heel? Answer: P = 452,941.18 N/m2

QUESTION:
Is there more pressure at the bottom of a bathtub of water 30 cm deep or at the bottom of a pitcher of water 35 cm deep? Justify your answer.

PRESSURE and DEPTH

The extra pressure at depth h in a liquid is due to the weight of a liquid above.

P = gh

ANSWER

There is more pressure at the bottom of the pitcher, because the water in it is deeper. The fact there is more water in the bathtub does not matter.

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate the pressure of

water at the bottom of a swimming pool which is 1.8m deep. Answer: P =17 640 Pa

Question: Which tube has the greatest pressure given the same level of liquid?

PRESSURE IN FLUIDS
The pressure of the liquid is the same at any given depth below the surface, regardless of the shape of the container.

Total pressure on an open container is the sum of pressure above the liquid surface and the pressure at a depth h

P = Po + gh

Example Problem 9.3 p. 302

What is the total pressure on the back of a scuba

diver in a lake of 8 m? What is the force on the divers back due to the water alone, taking the surface of the back to be a rectangle 60 cm by 50 cm?

Answer: P =1.79 x105 Pa

F = 2.35 x104 N

Changes in pressure at

PASCALS PRINCIPLE

any point in an enclosed fluid at rest are transmitted unchanged to all points in the fluid and act in all directions.

Pascals Principle
Wo = Wi F1d1 = F2d2

P1 = P2 F1/A1 = F2/A2

QUESTION:

As the car is

being lifted, how does the change in fluid level in the reservoir compare with the distance the car moves?

 The car moves

ANSWER:

up a greater distance than the fluid level drops, since the area of the piston is smaller than the surface area of the fluid in the reservoir.

Cite some practical applications of Pascals Principle

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

A body wholly or partly immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of a fluid it displaces.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
A buoyant force is exerted on
an object submerged in a fluid. The pressure beneath the object is larger than the pressure above. The resultant force on the object is upward, opposing the force of gravity.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
The apparent change in
(or loss in) weight of an object immersed in a liquid is due to the buoyant force. The apparent weight equals the actual weight minus the buoyant force.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
If the weight of the
submerged object is greater than the buoyant force, it will SINK. If it is less, it will FLOAT. If it is the same, it will have neutral buoyancy (anywhere in the fluid).

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
FB = mg FB = liquid v liquid g
Where: m = the mass of liquid displaced g = the acceleration due to gravity

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

QUESTION:

A stone is thrown into a deep lake. As it sinks deeper and deeper into the water, does the buoyant force on it increase, decrease, or remain unchanged?

ANSWER:

The volume of displaced water at

any depth is the same in each at any depth. Water is practically incompressible, so its density is the same at any depth, and equal volumes of water weigh the same. The buoyant force on the stone remains unchanged as it sinks deeper and deeper.

QUESTION:

We know that if a fish

make itself more dense, it will sink; if it makes itself less dense , it will rise. In terms of buoyant force, why is this so?

ANSWER: When the fish increases its density by decreasing its volume, it displaces less water, so the buoyant force decreases. When the fish decreases its density by expanding, it displaces more, and the buoyant force increases.

Trivia The people who cant float, 9 times out of 10, are males. Why? More males are more muscular and slightly denser than females.

1. The volume of a submerged

QUESTIONS:

object is equal to the _____ of liquid displaced. volume 2. The weight of a floating object is equal to the ______ of liquid displaced. weight This is generally applicable for all fluids.

Bernoullis Principle states that:

if the velocity of a fluid is

high, the pressure in it is low. If the velocity of fluid is low, the pressure is high.

Q1: Explain why blowing a piece of paper causes it to rise. Q2: You are told to avoid standing too close to a rapidly moving light rail transit (LRT) because you might get sucked under it. Is this possible? Explain.

Properties of fluids: The forces that a fluid

exerts on the walls of the container, and those that the walls exert on the fluid, always act perpendicular to the walls.

Properties of fluids:

The force exerted by the

pressure in a fluid is the same in all directions at a given depth. An external pressure exerted on a fluid is transmitted uniformly through out the fluid.