Spaces 3

Sat, 26th Feb 2011

9:30 - 11:00 11:30 - 13:00 14:00 - 15:30

Areas and perimeters Circles and Volumes and Surface Areas

Activity
In your books, create a Venn-diagram to show the relationships among parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles and squares.

Activity
In your books, create a Venn-diagram to show the relationships among parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, and squares.

Parallelograms
Rhombuses Rectangles

Squares

Definitions
A square is a quadrilateral with all sides equal and all angles equal. A rhombus is a parallelogram with all sides equal. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and consequently equal in length. A rectangle is a parallelogram with an interior angle of 90.

9:30 - 11:00

Areas and perimeters

to revisit areas and perimeters of 2D shapes to address some of the misconceptions pupils have related to these concepts

Perimeter
To find the perimeter of a shape we add together the length of all the sides.

What is the perimeter of this shape?

Starting point
3 2 3 1 1 Perimeter = 3 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 12 cm

2
1 cm
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Equal perimeters
Which shape has a different perimeter from the first shape?

Area of a rectangle
The area of a shape is a measure of how much surface the shape takes up. Area is measured in square units.

For example, we can use mm2, cm2, m2 or km2. The 2 tells us that there are two dimensions involved, length and width. We can find the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length and the width of the rectangle together. length, l Area of a rectangle width, w = length width = lw

Area of a triangle
The area of any triangle can be found using the formula: 1

Area of a triangle =

base perpendicular height

perpendicular height

base

Or using letter symbols,

Area of a triangle =

1
2

bh GSP interactive
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Area of a right-angled (or right angle) triangle

Calculate the area of this right-angled triangle. 8 cm To work out the area of this triangle we only need the length of the base and the height. Why?

10 cm

6 cm

Area =

1 2 1 2

base height

86

= 24 cm2
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Activity 2 (in pairs)

a) Calculate the area of an equilateral triangle of side 8cm. b) Calculate the area of an isosceles triangle whose sides are of 8cm, 8cm and 6cm.
For b) what difference does the choice of base of a triangle make? GSP
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Area formulae of 2-D shapes

You should know the following formulae:

h b h b a h b

Area of a triangle =

1 2

bh

Area of a parallelogram = bh

Area of a trapezium

1 2

(a + b)h Can you derive this formula yourself?

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Using units in formulae

Remember, when using formulae we must make sure that all values are written in the same units. For example, find the area of this trapezium.

76 cm

Lets write all the lengths in cm.

518 mm = 51.8 cm 1.24 m = 124 cm

518 mm

1.24 m
Area of the trapezium = (76 + 124) 51.8
= 200 51.8 = 5180 cm2
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Dont forget to put the units at the end.

Activity 3: Doubling statements

(SS5-7 first four cards)

Resources: A large sheet (poster) Glue stick Card statements

In groups of three or four, divide the sheet into three columns and head the columns Always true, Sometimes

true, Never true.

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How would you guide the learners to tackle this activity?

Understand the problem Try some examples (look at a special case) Make conjectures Try to disprove or justify the conjectures

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Misconceptions in geometry
Areas and perimeters

Language confusion
Forgetting which formula refers to which idea for a particular shape Thinking that the perimeter and area are in some way interrelated Cognitive Conflict needed!

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The Standards Unit Box, Malcom Swan

http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/366857

Always true, Sometimes true, Never true

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These activities help pupils to:

Understand concepts of lengths (perimeters) and area in more depth;
Develop reasoning through considering areas of plane compound shapes; Construct their own examples and counter-examples to help justify or refute conjectures.

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