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General
The seismic method utilizes the propagation of waves through the earth. Propagation -> Elastic properties of the body The size and shape of solid body can be change by applying forces to the external surface of the body.
General
These external forces are opposed by internal forces that resist the change in size and shape..
As the result, the body tends to its original condition when the external forces are removed.
General
How about Fluid? A fluid resists changes in size (volume) but not change in shape..
The property of resisting changes in size or shape and of returning to the unreformed condition when the external forces are removed is called elasticity. The relations between the applied forces and the deformations are expressed in terms of the concepts, STRESS and STRAIN.
Stress
Stress is defined as force per unit area.. When a force is applied to a body, the stress is ratio of the force to the area on which the force is applied. If the force varies from point to point, the stress also varies.
The value at any point is found by taking an infinitesimally small element of area centered at the point and dividing the total force acting on the area by magnitude of the area.
Stress
If the force is perpendicular to the area, the stress is said to be a normal stress (or pressure). When the force is tangential to the element of area, the stress is a shear stress. The SI unit of stress is called a Pascal = one Newton (N) of force applied over a surface one meter square. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Strain
What is the effect of stress on an object? -> Deforms the object by changing its shape and size. When an elastic body is subjected to stress, changes in shape and dimensions occur. These changes are called strains. The different kind of strain that can be produced depend the strength and direction of the stress, and the nature of the substance being deformed..
Strain
Elastic strain. The strain is proportional to the applied stress, and it disappears when that stress ceases.. Plastic strain (plastic deformation). A dimensional change that does not disappear when the initiating stress is removed..
Bulk Modulus
Tests on elastic substances show that the changes in volume and density are proportional to the change in The strain is pressure. produced by the The constant of change in stress proportionality (k) is called the bulk modulus K = P/(V/V1)
Shear Modulus
The constant of proportionality (shear modulus) is = (shear stress)/(X/X) = (F/A)/(X/X) Fluid??
Seismic Waves
General
Waves that propagate through the earth as elastic waves are referred to as seismic waves. There are two broad categories of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. Body waves - These are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth's interior. In reflection and refraction prospecting, body waves are the source of information used to image the Earth's interior. Like the ripples on the surface of the pond, body waves propagate away from the source in all directions. . If the speed at which body waves propagate through the Earth's interior is constant, then at any time, these waves form a sphere around the source whose radius is dependent on the time elapsed since the source generated the waves.
General
Quick Exercise: Calculate the wave velocity if the radius for t=150 ms is 225 m.
Undisturbed Material
Undisturbed Material
Undisturbed Material
Undisturbed Material
Vp and Vs Velocity
Vp K (4 / 3)
Vs
Where K = incompressibility (bulk modulus), = rigidity (shear modulus), = density K = the pressure increase needed to effect a given relative decrease in volume. = resistance to change
Sandstone
Limestone
1400-4300
5900-6100
700-2800
2800-3000
A wave front is a surface connecting all points of equal travel time from the source. Rays are the normals to the wavefronts, and they point in the direction of the wave propagation.
P and S-wave
Undisturbed Material
Seismic propagation
Snells Law => Incident and refraction angle Huygens principle =>Every point on wave front Fermats principle => Minimum travel time
Seismic propagation
Snells Law
Critical Refraction
Seismic propagation
Huygens principle Every point on a wave front is a source of new waves that travel away from it in all directions.
=> The important role in explaining of Diffraction effect (will be discussed in pitfall in interpretation).
Seismic propagation
Fermats principle The wave travel between two point along paths requiring the least time.