Concrete Floor System Selection

Lecture 1: Concrete Floor Systems
Lecture Objectives
To understand the different types of concrete floor systems To learn how to select the most appropriate floor system for various spans and live load intensities To estimate the dimensions of different structural components of floor systems
Dr. Yasser El-Husseini
Concrete Floor Systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Solid Slab with Beams Flat Plates Flat Slabs Ribbed slab Waffle slab
1.
Solid Slab with Beams
A solid slab supported on beams on all four sides was the original slab system in reinforced concrete.
Solid Slab with Beams

If the ratio of the long to the short side of a slab panel is two or more, load is mainly transferred by bending in the short direction and the panel essentially acts as a one-way slab. If the ratio of the sides of a slab panel is less than two, considerable load is transferred by bending in both orthogonal directions, and the panel is considered a two-way slab.
One Way Slab

Main Reinforcement
C
Secondary Reinforcement H D
Two Way Slab

Main Reinforcement C
H
Secondary Reinforcement D
2.
Flat Plates
A slab of uniform thickness supported directly on columns Efficient, economical and widely used structural system Ideally suited to multistory construction where there is a regular column grid. Suitable for motels, hotels, dormitories, apartment buildings, and hospitals Can be used for spans up to 7.5 m for L.L = 5 KN/m2 Most economical for spans from 4.5 to 6.0 m
2.
Flat Plates
Flat Plates
Advantages
The flush soffit and minimum construction depth, which are suited to rapid construction methods. The provision of the maximum flexibility for horizontal service distribution and keeping slab weight low and building height down to a minimum Requires only simple formwork Can be constructed in less time and with minimum labor costs because the system utilizes the simplest possible formwork and reinforcing steel layout Shallow thickness of floor systems leads to smaller story heights, resulting in smaller overall height of exterior walls and utility shafts; shorter floor-to-ceiling partitions; reductions in plumbing, sprinkler, and duct risers; and a multitude of other items of construction. Flat plates also provide for the most flexibility in the layout of columns, partitions, small openings, etc.
Flat Plates
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity. The principal limitation on the use of flat plate construction is imposed by shear around the columns. Low Stiffness (notable deflection). The depth of slab is usually controlled by deflection requirements or by the punching shear capacity around the column.
Shear capacity can be improved by introducing steel shearheads within the slab depth column heads or by using drop panels and/or column capitals, as in flat slabs.
3. Flat Slabs
For heavy loads or long spans, the flat plate is often thickened locally around the columns creating what are known as drop panels and/or by flaring the top of the column forming column capital or column head. When a flat plate incorporates drop panels or column capitals, it is called a flat slab.
Flat Slabs
The drop panel commonly extends about one-sixth of the span each way from each column. Drop panel gives extra strength at column region while maintaining a minimum slab depth at mid-span. The provision of drop panels at the column supports avoids the need for shear reinforcement and increases the stiffness of the slab and the economical span range. Alternatively, a structural steel shearhead can be incorporated to maintain a flush soffit to allow for easy construction and efficient use of large forming systems. Nowadays, capitals are less common due to the costs of forming the capitals
Flat Slabs
Used for buildings with heavy industrial loads. Commonly used for loads exceeding 5 KN/m2 and for spans 6-9 m. Maximum suitable span is 10m with LL= 7 KN/m2. Advantages are Low cost formwork and exposed flat ceilings, fast construction. For nearly square large panels, a slab system will incorporate beams between some or all of the columns. It is called two-way flat slab with beams. Disadvantages Need more formwork for capital and panels
One way slab with band beams

In order to reduce the overall depth of the floor for larger spans, a wide shallow beam profile is often preferred. The one-way spanning solid slab between the beams facilitates the use of table forms for fast construction.
4. Ribbed slab
For longer spans (7m to 18m), ribbed slab are commonly used to reduce the weight of slab.
Ribbed slab
A very adaptable system able to accommodate openings. The ribs can either span between hidden beams formed within the depth of the slab or between dropped beams. Formwork complexity can be minimized by the use of standard modular, re-usable formwork. For long two-way spans, waffle slabs give a very materialefficient option capable of supporting high loads.
Ribbed slab
5. Waffle slab
Waffle slab floors are commonly used when buildings are subjected to heavy imposed loading. They are very efficient in the use of materials and provide very economical long spans, but the additional complexity of formwork can often slow the construction. Where speed of construction is critical, a ribbed slab or a shallow beam solution is often preferred.
Waffle slab
Waffle slab
Waffle slab
Waffle slab
The waffle slab is capable of providing the largest spans of the conventional concrete floor systems Waffle slab can be economically used for spans up to 14.0 meters. Waffle slab construction consists of rows of concrete joists at right angles to each other with solid heads at the column (needed for shear strength). The joists are commonly formed by using standard square dome forms. The ribs are usually 0.60 to 0.90 meter on center. Advantages Carries heavy loads Attractive exposed ceilings Fast construction Disadvantages Formwork with panels is expensive.
Waffle slab
The domes are omitted around the columns to form the solid heads. For design purposes, waffle slabs are considered as flat slabs with the solid heads acting as drop panels. Waffle slab construction allows a considerable reduction in dead load as compared to conventional flat slab construction since the slab thickness can be minimized due to the short span between the joists. It is particularly advantageous where the use of long span and/or heavy loads is desired without the use of deepened drop panels or support beams. The geometric shape formed by the joist ribs is often architecturally desirable.
Hollow Block Slab

It is similar to the ribbed slab and waffle slab. The voids between ribs are filled with hollow blocks. This system can be economically used for spans up to 7.0 meters.
Hollow Block Slab
Hollow Block Slab
Summary of Slab Systems
Selection criteria
Distribution of services
The key to the successful design of most buildings is to coordinate the design across all disciplines in the team. Of fundamental importance is the coordination of services and structure to ensure that clashes with beams, columns, etc do not happen, and that a practical discipline for both primary and secondary service holes is established and adhered to. It is desirable, therefore, to construct a frame which provides the least hindrance to the distribution of services.
The other pressure on the design team is to keep to a minimum the depth of the ceiling void used for distribution, in order to keep down the overall height of the building and to minimize cladding costs. It can be appreciated that the ideal floor slab to satisfy the above criteria must be the thinnest possible and with a flush soffit. For office construction, flexibility is mostly concerned with likely future changes in the internal space planning. In many cases these do not substantially affect the structure. Core areas, primary services distribution and other major items usually remain fixed, although some additional holes for minor services may be required subsequently
Selection criteria
The straight cost of the frame element is not the only parameter to be considered. The effect of the frame on the cost of other building provisions is often the governing criterion. The most important of these are the external cladding, flexibility for future use, and the services distribution both horizontally and vertically through the building. The depth of the overall floor construction has a direct effect on the cost of the external cladding, which often costs more than the frame, especially in multistory construction where a few centimeters saved at each floor can show a significant overall cost saving.
Types of Loads
Vertical (Gravity) Loads Dead Load Live Load Snow load
Lateral (Horizontal) Loads Wind Loads Seismic Loads Blast Loads
Factored Loads ACI 318-08

U = 1.4(D + F ) U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H D: Dead L: Live F: Fluid pressure W: Wind load E: Earthquake S: Snow H: Horizontal pressure (soil or water) T: Temperature, creep or shrinkage R: Rain Lr: Roof live load
Reinforcement
Inch-Pound Size No. Dia. (in) 3 0.375 4 0.500 5 0.625 6 0.750 7 0.875 8 1.000 9 1.128 10 1.270 11 1.410 14 1.693 18 2.257 Metric Dia. (mm) Area (cm2) 8 2.01 10 3.14 12 4.53 14 6.16 16 8.05 18 10.18 20 12.57 22 15.21 25 19.64 28 24.64 32 32.18
Reinforcement
Grade (Yield strength)

Concrete Floor System Selection

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Concrete Floor System Selection

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Lecture 1: Concrete Floor Systems

Dr. Yasser El-Husseini