MATTER HAS MASS AND OCCUPIES SPACE

All living and non-living things on earth are made up of matter

BASIC STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Matter is made up of small discrete particles These particles are so small that they cannot be seen even with a microscope The particles of matter can move

Small discrete particles

THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

Matter can exist in three different state The three state are solid, liquid and gas

EXAMPLES OF SOLID

ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES IN MATTER

1. SOLID

Particles in solids are close together and cannot move from their fixed position The particles can only vibrate about their fixed position There are very small space between the particles The force of attraction between particles is strong

2. LIQUID

Particles in liquids are also close together but they can move freely They are not arranged in a regular shape The force of attraction between particles is not as strong compared with particles in solids

3. GAS

Particles in gases are far apart from one another. The particles can move freely at random The particles are not arranged in any pattern The force of attraction between particles is very weak

Comparison Between the Three States of Matter

Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of particles Close to one another Fixed, regular pattern Distance Very close between particles

Still close to one another but not as close as that in solids Moderate

Very far apart No orderly arrangement Far apart

Characteristic

Solid

Liquid Small

Gas Very big

Space between Very small particles

Cannot move freely Movement of Can only vibrate particles about their fixed position Force of Very strong attraction between particles

Can move Move freely freely at random at Collide with high speed other particles

Quite strong Very weak

Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance Unit of density is kg/cm3 or g/cm3

Density can be calculated using the formula shown below

mass Density = volume

EASY WAY TO REMEMBER THE FORMULA

D = Density

M = mass

V = Volume

M DXV

M DXV

M DXV

D= M V

V= M D

EASY WAY TO REMEMBER THE FORMULA

D = Density

M = mass M DXV

V = Volume

M= DXV

Example1
The mass of 20 cm3 of aluminium is 52g. What is its density? Density = mass volume 52 g 20 cm3 2.6 g/cm3

=
=

Example 2
The density of petrol is 0.7 g cm-3. Find the mass of 100 cm3 of petrol Density Mass = = = = mass volume Density X Volume 0.7 g/cm3 X 100 cm3 70 g

Example 3
The density of iron is 7.9 g cm-3. Find the volume of 158 g of iron Density = mass volume mass density 158 g 7.9 g/cm3 20 cm3

Volume

=
= =

Example 4
A stone has a volume of 10 cm3 and a mass o 30 g. Find its density Density = mass volume 30 g 10 cm3 3 g/cm3

= =

Example 4
The volume of 100 cm3 of water is 100 g. Find its density. Density = mass volume 100 g 100 cm3

1 g/cm3

The densities of several substances

State of matter Substance Platinum Gold Lead Silver Copper Iron Zinc Aluminium Glass Ice Density (g cm-3) 21.5 19.3 11.3 10.5 8.9 7.9 7.1 2.6 2.5 0.92

SOLID

The densities of several substances

State of matter Substance Mercury Glycerine Fresh milk Sea water Pure water Turpentine Alcohol Petrol Kerosene Density (g cm-3) 13.6 1.3 1.03 1.03 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.69

LIQUID

The densities of several substances

State of matter Substance Oxygen Air Hydrogen Density (g cm-3) 0.0013 0.0012 0.0001

GAS

WHY DO SOME OBJECTS AND LIQUIDS FLOAT? A substance is able to float or sink in a liquid depending on its density

The density of water is 1.0 g/cm3 A substance that has density lower than 1.0 g/cm3 will float in water
A substance that has a density higher than 1.0 g/cm3 will sink in water

Ice floats in water Oil float in water because it is less because it is less dense than water dense than water Stones sink in water because they are denser than water

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Example 4

SOLVING SIMPLE PROBLEMS RELATED TO DENSITY

1.How can we float a sunken ship?

By tying special balloons filled with helium to the ship to lift it to surface of the sea
Helium is very light gas The helium-filled balloons are less dense than water

2.How can we make cork go into water to measure its volume?

By tying a weight such as a stone to the cork The stone which is denser than water will pull the cork into the water

THE USE OF PROPERTIES OF MATTER IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1.Transporting longs

Logs are very heavy and difficult to be transported from the jungle to the factory by land This problem is solved by transporting the logs by river Logs float in water because wood is less dense than water

2.Floats

People learning to swim use floats to help them stay on the surface of water
The float contain air which is less dense than water

2.Rafts

People living in remote areas use rafts made of bamboos as a means of transport The raft is able to stay a float because bamboos are less dense than water

3.Ships

A ship is mainly made of iron which weighs thousand of tonnes A ship also contains a large volume of air This causes the overall density of the ship to be less than the density of sea water

This is why a ship can float in sea water

4.Submarines

A submarine is equipped with one or more ballast tanks It floats on the sea surface when its ballast tank is empty When sea water is pumped into the ballast tank, the mass off the submarine increases but the volume of the submarine remains the same. Therefore, the density of the submarine increases and it sinks into the sea When the water in the ballast tank is pumped out, the submarine rises again

5.Hot Air Balloons

A hot hair balloon has a burner that heats the air in the balloon The hot air is less dense than the cool air around it This enables the hot air balloon to float in air When the burner is turned off, the air inside the balloon cools down and the balloon will go down to the ground

THE RESOURCES ON EARTH

There are many natural resources on Earth.

These resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living thing Human beings and other living things need these resources to stay alive

1. Air
Air is needed by all living things to survive The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth Air contain gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth

2. Water
Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earths surface

3. Living things
Flora and fauna (plants and animals) are also natural resources that sustain life Plants and animals are resources needed by human beings We can obtain food, fuel, materials for making clothes and building materials from plants and animals

4. Soil
Soil refers to the outer layer of the Earth Soil contain mineral matter, organic matter, air and water

5. Mineral
Mineral are inorganic substances found naturally on land and in seas or oceans Examples of minerals are feldspar, quartz, iron, zinc, aluminium, tin, silver and gold

Metal ore

Radioactive elements

Non-metallic

Gems

6. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of animals and plants that have died millions of years ago There are three types of fossil fuels: petroleum, coal and natural gas

Coal and natural gas can be burnt as fuel directly after they are mined
Petroleum is separated into different parts by fractional distillation before use Products of fractional distillation are petrol, diesel, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

coal

petroleum

natural gas

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

1. Elements
Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of particle An element cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by physical or chemical method Different elements have different kinds of particles

Examples of elements are copper, carbon, iron, gold, sulphur and aluminium

Classification of elements as metals and non-metals

Elements can be classified as either metallic elements (metals) or non-metallic elements (non-metals) All metallic elements are solid at room temperature except for mercury Examples sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper, silver,

Non-metallic elements can exist in three states- Solid, liquid, gas Examples iodine, sulphur, bromine, hydrogen, silicon, oxygen, Nitrogen, chlorine

Properties of metals
They have a shiny appearance
They are hard, malleable and ductile

They conduct heat and electricity

They have high melting and boiling points The density of metals is high The tensile of metals is high They produce a ringing sound when hit

Properties of non-metals
Non-metals have a dull appearance. The surface of non-metals does not shine
Non-metals are soft and brittle Non-metals do not conduct heat and electricity

Non-metal have low melting and boiling points

The density of non-metals is usually low The tensile strength of non-metals is low

The properties of metals and non-metals

Compounds

Element X

Element Y

Compound

Formation of a compound

Made up of two types of elements : Carbon and oxygen

Made up of two types of elements : Oxygen and hydrogen

Common compounds and the elements of which they are composed

Compound

Element present

Carbon dioxide
Water Ammonia Sugar

Carbon, oxygen
Hydrogen, oxygen Nitrogen, hydrogen

State at room temperature Gaseous Liquid Gaseous Solid Solid Solid liquid

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Calcium carbonate Calcium, carbon, oxygen Sodium chloride Sodium, chlorine Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen, chlorine

 A compound cannot be separated by physical methods and can only be separated by chemical methods such as electrolysis
Copper chloride (compound) Electrolysis

copper (element)

chlorine (element)

Mixtures

A mixture may consist of elements, compounds, or both

Element

+ + +

Element

Element

Compound

Mixture

Compound

Compound

Mixtures and their constituents

Mixtures Milk Sugar water Petroleum A coin Steel Vinegar Air Constituents of mixtures Water, milk Water, sugar Various types of hydrocarbon Tin, nickel, copper Iron, carbon Water, etanoic acid Nitrogen, oxygen, inert gases, carbon dioxide, water vapour

Separation of a mixture

Methods to separate mixtures

1. Filtration
Insoluble solids are separated from liquids or solutions by this method

2. Evaporation
Solutes are separated from solutions by evaporation.

3. Distillation
In a mixture of liquids, if one constituent boils at a lower temperature than the others it can be separated by distillation

4. Sieving
A mixture of particles of different sizes can be sorted out by using a sieve.

5. Magnetic separation
Any magnetic material can be separated from nonmagnetic substances in a mixture by using a magnet

6. Using a separating funnel

The separating funnel can be used to separate two liquids with different densities that do not dissolve in each other

 Comparison between a compound and a mixture Compound Difference Mixture

Formed using chemical methods

New substances

Method of Formation Formation of new substances

Energy changes

Formed using physical methods No new substances formed No heat is absorbed or released during formation

Heat is absorbed or released during formation

 Comparison between a compound and a mixture Compound Ratio of components is fixed Difference
Composition of components
Properties of components

Mixture Ratio of components is not fixed

New properties are formed

Components can only be separated using chemical methods

Separation of components

Properties of components remain the same Components can be easily separated using physical methods

The Importance of the variety of Earths Resources to Man AIR Oxygen is needed for respiration Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis MINERALS Needed by man, animals and plants for healthy growth Metals are used in the contruction of building and bridges

WATER For drinking, cooking, washing, and bathing About 70% of the human body weight is made up of water Dissolve and transports food and oxygen to all parts of the body For generating electricity For recreational activities

FOSSIL FUELS A very importance source of energy For generating electricity Fuel for motor vehicles, machines and cooking

SOIL Agriculture Mining Construction of buildings Making ceramics, glass, cement and bricks Habitat for many living things

LIVING THINGS Provide us with : Food Clothing Building materials Medicine Fuels