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The following PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 2 in Psychology in Action (8e). Before presentations, you can delete these instructor information slides by simply pressing delete on your keyboard. If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under design. To further personalize and enrich your PowerPoint slides, check the Psychology in Action Instructor Resource site for additional video clips, figures, tables, key terms, etc.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation
Lecture Overview
Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain Our Genetic Inheritance
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The nervous system consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Within a neuron, communication occurs through an action potential (neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons, and these messages determine if an action potential occurs or not.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Major Neurotransmitters:
Serotonin Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (adrenaline) GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Endorphins
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
normal message
blocked message (wrong shape) agonistic drugs mimic shape and enhance neurotransmitter
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Central Nervous System (CNS): includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes all nerves and neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body (subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Brain Spinal Cord (transmits information into and out of the brain )
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors and controls skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions ANS is subdivided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Three key structures of the hindbrain: Medulla: life survival functions Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, and dreaming Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain that coordinates movement patterns, sleep, and arousal
(Reticular formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, and brainstem and screens incoming information and controls arousal
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system Thalamus: relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: responsible for emotions, drives, and regulating the bodys internal environment
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The frontal Lobesreceive and coordinate messages from other lobes and are responsible for motor control, speech production, and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Phineas Gages mining accident sent a 13pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- and long-term behavior and mental processes?
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
A Tour Through The Brain: The Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Why are the hands and face on this drawing so large? What do they represent?
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Severing the
corpus callosum
provides data regarding the functions of the brains two hemispheres.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
The left and right hemispheres of the brain each specialize in particular operations.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
To answer questions about the influence of nature versus nurture, psychologists use behavioral genetics research.
The nucleus of every cell in our body contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA).
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Tongue-curling is one of the only traits that depends on a specific dominant gene.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Evolutionary Psychology: studies how natural selection and adaptation help explain behavior and mental processes
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Sex differences in lateralization. Note how activation is confined to only one hemisphere in the male brain on the left, and how it occurs on both hemispheres in the female brain on the right.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Neuroplasticity: brains lifelong ability to reorganize and change its structure and function Neurogenesis: the division and differentiation of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons Stem cells: Precursor (immature) cells that give birth to new specialized cells
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation