Mansoor Azam Qureshi NUST Islamabad

Rollers
A roller is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact

soil, gravel, concrete and asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations and land fills.

Compaction equipment must be matched to the type of material

being manipulated. Equipment manufacturers have developed a varietly of compactors that incorporate at least one of the compaction methods and in some cases more than one into machine performance capabilities.
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Compaction
Compaction Methods
Static weight (pressure). Kneading (manipulation).

Impact (sharp blow).

Vibration (shaking

Compacting Equipment Selection Type and properties of the soil. Density desired. Placement lift thickness. Size of the job. Compaction equipment available.

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Compactor
Compaction

equipment ranges from handheld vibratory tampers (suitable for small or confined areas) to large, self-propelled rollers and high speed compactors (ideally suited for large, horizontal construction projects). Types of Rollers
Tamping rollers and Sheepsfoot rollers

Smooth-drum vibratory soil compactors

Pad-drum vibratory soil compactors Pneumatic-tired rollers
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Tamping-Foot / sheep-Foot Roller

The self-propelled, tamping-foot roller

has feet that are square or angular and taper down away from the drum. This roller compacts the material from the bottom of the lift to the top, and walks out after achieving the desired density. It is suitable for compacting all fined grained materials, but is generally not suitable for use on cohesionless granular materials. The lift thickness for the tamping-foot roller is limited to 8 inches in compacted depth
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Smooth wheel Rollers

Widely used simple rollers
Work on static weight. Used

for compacting granular bases, bituminous pavements

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Smooth-Drum Vibratory Soil Compactors

The

smooth-drum vibratory roller uses a vibratory action in conjunction with the ballast weight of the drum to rearrange the soil particles into a dense soil mass. Vibratory compaction is very effective means of attaining the desired density for cohesionless materials. Because this roller is relatively light, the recommended maximum loose-lift depth is 9 inches.
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Pad-drum Vibratory Soil Compactor

These rollers are effective on

soils with up to 50% of the material having a PI of 5 or greater. The edges of the pads are rolled inward enabling them to walk out of the lift without fluffing the soil. The typical lift thickness for padded-drum units on cohesive soil is 12 to 18 in. These units are sometimes equipped with a leveling blade.
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Grid Rollers
Can operate at high speed
Suitable for breaking lumps

and crush soft rocks. Operate on static weight and impact with manipulation.

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Pneumatic Tired Rollers

These rollers apply the principle of kneading

action to affect compaction below the surface. They may be self-propelled or towed. Pneumatics are used on small-to medium-size soil compaction jobs, primarily on bladed granular base materials. Small pneumatics are not suited for highproduction, thick lift embankment compaction projects. Pneumatic tired rollers are also used in compacting asphalt, chip seals, recycled pavement, and base and subbase materials.
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Pneumatic Tired Rollers

The flexible tire surface permits conformance of the tire to

slightly irregular surfaces to maintain uniform density and bearing capacity. The rear tires are spaced to track over the uncompacted surface left by the passage of the front tires. The wheels may be mounted slightly out of line with the axle, giving them a weaving action (the name "wobby wheel") to increase the kneading action of the soil. Four parameters must be known to determine the compacting ability of pneumatic rollers:

Wheel load Tire size Tire ply Inflation pressure

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Special Compactors
Compaction Wheels
Compaction wheel attached to an excavator

boom is often used to achieve compaction when backfilling utility trenches. The feet on these wheels can be of either the sheepsfoot or tamping shape. The wheels are designed to compact all types of soil. Changing from an excavator bucket to a compaction wheel can be accomplished quickly. Wheels are manufactured in sizes to fit 7to 45-ton excavators
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Special Compactors
Vibratory Plate Compactors
Self-propelled vibratory-plate compactors

are used for compacting granular soils, crushed aggregate, and asphalt concrete in locations where large compactors could not operate. These gasoline or diesel powered units are rated by centrifugal force, exciter revolutions per minute, depth of vibration penetration (lift), foot-per-minute travel, and area of coverage per hour. Many of these compactors can be operated either manually as a walk-behind unit or by remote control
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Special Compactors
Manually Operated Rammers
Gasoline-engine-driven rammers are used

for compacting cohesive or mixed soils in confined areas. These units range in impact from 300 to 900 foot-pounds (ft-lb) per sec at an impact rate up to 850 per min, depending on the specific model. Special compactor provide Performance criteria include pounds per adequate output if blow, area covered per hour, and depth of Lift thickness is minimal compaction (lift) in inches. (usually 3 to 4 in.), Rammers are self propelled in that each Moisture content is blow moves them ahead slightly to contact carefully controlled, and a new area.
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Coverage are sufficient 14.

Type of Soils
To select the most appropriate type of compaction

equipment, a project officer must know the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of the different types of rollers. Generally, tamping-foot compactors that produce high unit pressures are best for predominantly fine-grained cohesive materials such as clays and sandy clays. Large, steel-drum rollers are best for larger particle materials such as gravel or cobble. Vibratory rollers are ideal for well-graded or gap-graded materials because the shaking action causes the smaller particles to fill voids around the larger grains.
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Suitability of Soils
Suitability of different roller for varying soil type is shown on chart;

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Desired Soil Density

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Lift Thickness
The lift thickness to achieve required density will vary

with soil and compacter characteristics. For tamping foot rollers lift thickness should not exceed roller feet.( 2 in) For smooth wheel rollers lift should be limited to 6 in. For Pneumatic tired rollers lift should not be greater than 6 in. Heavy rollers may compact lift upto 12in.

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Compaction Equipment
Equipment must suit the

site. Must provide optimum compaction density and production Enough speed

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Compaction Equipment

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Production of Rollers
Production (cubic Yard )= 16.3xWxSxLxE/P
W= width compacted in each pass S= Compacter speed in mph L= compacted lift thickness. E= Job Efficiency P= Number of passes required

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Example
What is the estimated production rate (CCY per hour) for a tamping-

foot roller with a compaction width of 5 feet? The following information was obtained from a test strip at the project: Compacted lift thickness = 6 inches Average speed = 6 mph Number of passes = 5 Efficiency factor = 0.83

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Example
A self-propelled tamping foot compactor will be used to compact a fill

being constructed of clay material. Field tests have shown that the required density can be achieved with four passes of the roller operating at an average speed of 3 mph. The compacted lift will have a thickness of 6 in. The compacting width of this machine is 7 ft. One bank cubic yard equals 0.83 ccy. The scraper production, estimated for the project, is 510 bcy/hr. How many rollers will be required to maintain this production? Assume a 50-min hour efficiency. 16,3 X 7 X 3 X 6 X 50/60 Compacted cubic yards per hour = ----------------------------= 428 ccy/hr 4 428/0.83=516 bcy/hr No of compactor = 510/516=0.99 One compactor is sufficient

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