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BASIC FIRST AID TRAINING

AIM OF THE COURSE

To enable the candidate to acquire the knowledge, skills and understanding of first aid, and thus become competent first aiders in the workplace

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COURSE OUTLINE

Module 1 Nature of First Aid Module 2 - Wounds and Bleeding Module 3 Burns

Module 4 - Fracture
Module 5 Basic Life Support

MODULE 1
NATURE OF FIRST AID

What is First Aid?

It is an immediate care or help given to the victim who has suddenly taking ill before the arrival of the doctor.

It also includes self and home care when medical assistance is delayed or not available.

AIMS OF FIRST AID

P reserve life.
P revent further injury from
happening.

P romote recovery.

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FIRST AID IN THE WORKPLACE

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ACTS & REGULATIONS

Health & Safety at Work Act 1974

Health & Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

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As a first aider you should liase with the other first aiders and management at your workplace:
To ensure adequate first aid kits are available and accessible To ensure that the provision of first aid kits is organised To keep all necessary records

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Provisions of First Aid

The First Aid needs of a workplace will vary according to: Number of Employees Size and layout of a workplace Nature of the work Availability of a nurse or a doctor Employers First Aid policy The needs of travelling, remote and lone workers Annual leave and absences of other first aiders Employees working on shared or multi-occupational sites The organisation history of accidents

MINIMUM PROVISION FOR FIRST AIDER

CATEGORY OF RISK

NO. EMPLOYED AT ANY LOCATION

SUGGESTED NO. OF FIRST AID PERSONNEL

Low Risk
e.g. shops and offices

Fewer than 50
50-100 More than 100

At least one appointed person

At least one first aider One additional first aider per 100 employed At least one appointed person At least one first aider One additional first aider per 100 employed At least one appointed person At least one first aider One additional first aider per 50 employed

Medium Risk e.g. supermarkets

Fewer than 20 20-100 More than 100

Higher Risk e.g. extensive work with dangerous machinery

Fewer than 5 5-50 More than 50

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ACCIDENT BOOK
Name of casualty

Home address
Name of person writing the report When the accident happened What happened Treatment given Method of disposal Compliance with the DATA PROTECTION ACT

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RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AIDER:

A sses is the area safe?

D iagnose what is wrong? T reat - the most injured casualty first T ransfer to appropriate destination

Roles of First Aid

It bridges the gap between the victim and the medical doctor. It is not intended to complete nor to compete the service of the medical doctor. It ends with medical assistance.

NEEDS AND VALUE OF FIRST AID

To minimize if not totally prevent accident. To prevent added injury or danger. To train people to do the right thing. People very often harm the victim rather than help. Proper and immediate care is necessary to save the life of the victim.

Guidelines for Giving Emergency Care

Getting Started: Planning of action (recognize and organize) Unusual sound Unusual smell / odor Unusual sight or appearance Gathering of needed materials
Primary Assesment

PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
STOP

D ANGER R ESPONSE A IRWAY B REATHING

C IRCULATION

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I. DANGER

survey

the scene:

is the scene safe?

SPECIFIC HAZARDS

Traffic Fire Water Toxic gas Collapsing walls Electrical

what has happened?

MEDICAL ALERT BRACELET

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how many people injured?

To give your priority to the most injured person.

FIRST AID PRIORITIES

B reathing

B leeding

B reaks

B urns

TRIAGE
IMMEDIATE (P1)

URGENT (P2)
DELAYED (P3) NON URGENT (P4)

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how other people can help you in giving first aid to the victim?
SUMMONING HELP

Location Incident Other services required Number of casualties Extent of Injuries Location ( repeat it)

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II. RESPONSE

Identify as a first aider

Responsiveness Scale A lert and normal V ocal P ain U nresponsive

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III. AIRWAY

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTIONS

The airway can be obstructed by:

Food Vomit Foreign Objects The Tongue

OPENING THE AIRWAY

Tongue

Blocked Airway

Open Airway

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IV. BREATHING

Look at the chest movements Listen to the victims breath Feel the carotid pulse

FIRST AID PRIORITIES

B reathing

B leeding

B reaks

B urns

HEAD- TO- TOE EXAMINATION

-Look for:

Deformities Confusions Wounds Burn Bleeding Swelling

Golden Rules of Emergency Care

What to do think the worst obtain concept when possible call or send for help identify yourself for the victim provide comfort and emotional support respect victim's modesty and physical privacy be calm as direct as possible care for the most serious injuries first assist the victim with his medication keep on-lookers away from the injured person handle the victim with care loosen all tight clothing

What not to do

do not harm the victim. do not let the victim see his or her injury. do not leave the victim alone except if you get help. do not deny the victim's physical and emotional coping. do not assume that the victims obvious injuries are the ones you see. do not make limitations. do not trust the judgement of a confused victim

Character of a Good first aider

observant resourceful

gentle
tactful sympathetic

Difficulty in Giving Emergency Care

Unfavorable surrounding

night time crowded city streets, churches and shopping malls busy highway cold and rainy weather lack of necessary materials and helper

The presence of the crowd

offer incorrect advice demand haste transportation attempt other improper procedure

Pressure from victims or relatives

MODULE 2
BLEEDING

WOUND

Any abnormal break of the skin.

TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot

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TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot Abrasion

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TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot Abrasion Penetration

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TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot Abrasion Penetration Laceration

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TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot Abrasion Penetration Laceration Incision

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TYPES OF WOUND

Gunshot Abrasion Penetration Laceration Incision Contusion

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Bleeding First Aid

Aim:

to stop the severe bleeding

BLEEDING FIRST AID

Put in your gloves. Examine the injury if any foreign objects are present, leave them in place. Open a dressing and place it firmly over the injury. Apply firm pressure or direct pressure for 10 minutes. Secure the dressing. Keep the bleeding wound above the heart. If blood starts to soak through the first dressing, apply further dressing over the originals. If dealing with a limb, keep the affected area elevated. If the your casualty has lost a considerable amount of blood, he may start to exhibit signs of shock. Lay your conscious casualty down and raise the legs Reassure

PREVENTING CROSS INFECTION

Wear disposable gloves Wash hands before dressing a wound Cover cuts on your hands Avoid touching the wound

Try not to talk, sneeze or cough over the wound

Place all soiled dressings in a yellow plastic bag Put sharp items such in containers for disposal
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INTERNAL BLEEDING RECOGNITION

Cold, clammy skin

A rapid weak pulse

Pain Thirst

Confusion, restlessness and irritability

Possible collapse Pattern bruising / Swelling

Bleeding from orifices

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BLEEDING FROM ORIFICES

Site Appearance Cause

Mouth

Bright red, frothy, coughed-up

blood Vomited blood (coffee grounds)

Bleeding in the lungs

Bleeding within the digestive system Injury to the ear (ear-drum) Head injury Ruptured blood vessel in nostril Head injury Injury to anus or lower bowel Injury to the upper bowel Bleeding from the bladder or kidneys Menstruation; miscarriage; disease or injury to, the vagina or womb
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Ear Nose Anus

Fresh, bright-red blood Thin, watery blood Fresh, bright-red blood Thin, watery blood Fresh, bright-red blood Black, tarry, offensive stool

Urethra Urine with red or smoky appearance Vagina Either fresh or dark blood

INTERNAL BLEEDING FIRST AID

Arrange urgent transport to the hospital and minimize shock. Lie the casualty down, elevate and support the legs. Loosing clothing Monitor the casualty

MODULE 3

BURNS

DEFINITION OF A BURN
A burn is produced by one of three ways:

Heat Chemicals Electricity

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SEVERITY OF BURNS

D epth A ge G eneral Condition A rea

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HOW BURNS ARE CAUSED

TYPES
Dry Burn Scald

CAUSES
Flames, contact with hot objects, friction Steam, hot liquids

Electrical
Cold Injury

Low voltage current, high voltage current, lightning strikes

Frostbite, contact with freezing metals,

Chemical Burns
Radiation

contact with freezing vapours

Industrial chemicals, domestic chemicals Sunburn, X-ray, ultra-violet lamp
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DEPTH OF BURNS

SUPERFICIAL

Only the outermost layer of skin is affected. Redness, swelling and tenderness

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DEPTH OF BURNS

SUPERFICIAL Only the outermost layer of skin is affected. Redness, swelling and tenderness
PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS Affecting layers of the epidermis / dermis Rawness and blisters
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DEPTH OF BURNS

SUPERFICIAL Only the outermost layer of skin is affected. Redness, swelling and tenderness. PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS Affecting layers of the epidermis / dermis Rawness and blisters.

FULL THICKNESS BURNS All layers of the skin are burned and there may be some damage to nerves, fat tissue and muscles. Requires hospital treatment.
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Burn First Aid

Aim:

to prevent infection.

GENERAL TREATMENT OF BURNS

Douse with water for at least 10 minutes Monitor for shock Remove any jewellery from the affected area Cover the burn with a sterile dressing Leave burns to the face/neck exposed Give fluids if safe

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DO NOT

Touch the area unnecessarily

Burst blisters Apply creams/butter or alcohol Remove stuck clothing
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MODULE 4
BONES, JOINT & MUSCLE INJURIES

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BONES, JOINT & MUSCLE INJURIES

THE SKELETON
Supports the muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the body and protects organs such as the heart

THE MUSCLES
Muscles cause the various parts of the body to move.

THE JOINTS
Wherever one bone meets another, there is a moveable or immovable joint
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What is a Fracture?

The act of being broken.

How do fractures happen?

Fractures can happen in a variety of ways, but there are three common causes:

Trauma accounts for most fractures. For example, a fall, a motor vehicle accident or a tackle during a football game can all result in a fracture. Osteoporosis also can contribute to fractures. Osteoporosis is a bone disease that results in the "thinning" of the bone. The bones become fragile and easily broken. Overuse sometimes results in stress fractures. These are common among athletes.

Types of Fracture

Simple / closed Fracture

The bone is broken but not lacerated.

Types of Fracture

Compound / Open Fracture

The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone may or may not be visible in the wound.

Particular Types of Fracture

Transverse Fracture

The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.

Greenstick Fracture

Fracture on one side of the bone, causing a bend on the other side of the bone

Communited Fracture

A fracture that results in three or more bone fragments.

Diagnosing fractures

Cracking sound. Tender and swollen area. Deformation

Bone exposure

Fracture First Aid

Aim:

to immobilize the injured areas

First Aid for Fracture

Check the person's airway and breathing. Begin rescue breathing if necessary. Keep the person still and calm and support the injured area. Examine the person closely for other injuries. If the skin is broken, it should be treated immediately to prevent infection. Cover with sterile dressings. Open fractures - control the bleeding with sterile dressing and pressure if required. If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone.

In case of leg fractures the patient's both legs can be tied together.
Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling. Take steps to prevent shock.

However, DO NOT move the person if a head, neck, or back injury is suspected

Donts

DO NOT move the person unless the broken bone is stable. DO NOT move a person with an injured hip, pelvis, or upper leg unless it is absolutely necessary. If you must move the person, pull the person to safety by his clothes (such as by the shoulders of a shirt, a belt, or pant-legs). DO NOT move a person who has a possible spine injury. DO NOT attempt to straighten a bone or change its position unless blood circulation appears hampered. DO NOT test a bone's ability to move.

Soft Tissue Injuries

A sprain is an injury to a ligament.

A ligament is a thick, tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones together. Commonly injured ligaments are in the ankle ,knee, and wrist. The ligaments can be injured by being stretched too far from their normal position. The purpose of having ligaments is to hold your skeleton together in a normal alignment -- ligaments prevent abnormal movements. However, when too much force is applied to a ligament, such as in a fall, the ligaments can be stretched or torn; this injury is called a sprain .

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Soft Tissue Injuries

A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon .

Muscles move your skeleton in an amazing variety of ways. When a muscle contracts it pulls on a tendon, which is in turn connected to your bone. Muscles are made to stretch, but if stretched too far, or if stretched while contracting, an injury called a strain my result. A strain can either be a stretching or tear of the muscle or tendon.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

R est I ce C ompression E levation

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MODULE 5
BREATHING & CIRCULATION

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Air route Epiglottis

Larynx
Trachea

Oesophagu

Bronchus Alveoli

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BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

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RESUSCITATION

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FORMS OF ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION

Mouth to Mouth
Mouth to Nose Mouth to Mouth & Nose

Mouth to Stoma

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RESUSCITATION PROTOCOLS
CHILD, INJURY, DROWNING
DRAB
NO
GIVE 2 RESCUE BREATHS

YES

SECONDARY ASSESSMENT TREAT FURTHER INJURIES RECOVERY POSITION

CHECK CIRCULATION EVERY 10 BREATHS

CHECK CIRCULATION

CONTINUE CPR

YES
GIVE 10 FURTHER BREATHS GO FOR HELP

NO
START CPR (3 CYCLES) GO FOR HELP
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RESUSCITATION PROTOCOLS
NON INJURY
DRAB
NO
GO FOR HELP

GIVE 2 RESCUE BREATHS

CHECK CIRCULATION

START CPR

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When to stop giving BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

When the victim already recovers. When medical assistance arrives. When the rescuer is exhausted.

The end!