1.

IMPORTANCE OF A TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN SOME MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Dimension of cube (cm)

1x1x1

2x2x2

4x4x4

Total surface area of cube (cm2)

Volume of cube (cm3)

TSA/V ratio Calculate the TSA/V ratio.

1.2

CONCEPT OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory system in humans and animals

Circulatory system (CS) includes:
Medium fluid that flows in CS (eg: animal : blood; insects: haemolymph) Vesels arteries, veins and capillaries Pump muscular heart

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes
Small, biconcave disc Have no nucleus Great quantities of haemoglobin (which contains iron)

(Cells become bright red)

Site of production: bone marrow Life span: 120 days Site of destruction: liver and spleen (by phagocytes) Ratio of erythrocytes to leucocytes 1000 : 1 (in normal person)

Leucocytes (White blood cells)

Erythrocytes

Leucocytes

Leucocytes (White blood cells)

Less numerous than eryhtrocytes. Have nuclei Do not have haemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes and do not have fixed shapes. Site of production : bone marrow Site of growth and development: thymus gland or lymph nodes

Cont.
Basic types of leucocytes:
Granulocytes (have granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei)
Neutrophils Eusinophils Basophils

Agranulocytes (clear cytoplasm and no lobed)

Monocytes (largest) Lymphocytes (smallest)

Platelets

Small, irregularly shaped F(x) : blood clotting Life span: 5 -9 days

Plasma
Pale, yellow liquid Made up of 90% water & 10% dissolved solutes (gases, minerals, hormones, plasma proteins and excretory wastes) BOOD SERUM : plasma without fibrinogen (clotting factors).

Plasma

Function of blood in transport

Transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body (form 4) Transport absorbed food materials from the digestive tract to body tissues (form 4) Transport waste products (form 4)
Eg: carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs Urea to the kidneys

Transport heat, hormones and water

Transport of heat, hormones & water

Body T can be regulated by blood by distributing heat from heat-producing sites (eg:muscles) to the skin. Hormones (eg:insulin & glucagon) produced by endocrine glands (pancreas) transported by blood to target organs (liver). Water is important to provide medium for biochemical reaction.

Function of haemolymph
Circulating blood-like fluid found in invertebrates with open-circulatory systems Tubular heart pumps the haemolymph into haemocoel. Haemolymph bathes the tissues and internal organ directly. Nutrients and hormones diffuse from haemolypmh into the cells Waste products diffuse out from the cells into haemolymph.

Structure of human blood vessels

Blood vessels : tubes that transport blood from one part to another. Arteries Capillaries Veins

Transport blood away from the heart

Transport oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Thick muscular wall

Connect arterioles to venules

Act as the sites for exchange of substances with the cells Thinnest wall, one cell thickness

Transport blood to the heart

Transport deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) Thinner wall Valves present to prevent back flow of blood

No valves except semilunar No valves valves at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery Blood flows in pulses under No pulses. Pressure lower high pressure than arteries but higher than veins

No pulses. Blood flows under lower pressure than arteries.

Artery, vein and capillary

How blood is propelled through the human circulatory system

Organ responsible to pump the blood : heart

Structure of the human heart

Lungs Vena cava Pulmonary veins

Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve

Left atrium

deO2 blood

O2 blood

Bicuspid valve

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Pulmonary artery Whole body

Aorta

The pumping of the heart

Sinoatrial node

Atrio-ventricular node

Bundle of His containing Purkinje tissue

Interventricular septum

Contraction of skeletal muscles around veins

Circulatory system in insects

2. Valves ensure the haemolymph flow in one direction

1. When the heart relax, haemolymph re-enters ostia

Material exchange occurs here. Haemolymph in haemocoel carry nutrients and waste products

Circulatory system in fish

Single circulatory system. Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart at high pressure and passes through the gills where the gaseous exchange occurs. Oxygenated blood flows through the organs and blood pressure drops.

Sinuses

Circulatory system in amphibians (eg:frogs)

Double circulatory system:
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Have three-chambered heart (2 atria & 1 ventricle) Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricle. The mixed blood enters the systemic circulation.

Circulatory system in humans

Circulatory system in humans

Double circulatory system (blood passes through the heart twice for each circuit)
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Two divisions of heart:

Right side pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs Left side pump oxygenated blood to the body (except lungs)

Advantage: blood returns to the heart to be pumped again will increase the blood pressure and flow rate, thereby speeding up delivery O2 to the tissues and organs.

1.3

THE MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING

The necessities of blood clotting

To prevent:
serious blood loss the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the blood

To maintain:
normal blood pressure circulation of blood in a a closed circulatory system

The mechanism of blood clotting

VIDEO

Impaired blood clotting mechanisms in human

The consequences