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Historical Perspective
Founded during WWII. Used for long-haul telecommunications. Displaced by fiber optic networks. Still viable for right-of-way bypass and geographic obstruction avoidance.
Wireless Transmission
Transmitting antenna puts out focused beam . Transmitter and receiver must be aligned . Signal spreads out in all directions . Can be received by many antennas .
Omnidirectional Isotropically :
Wireless Examples
Terrestrial Microwave
Used for long-distance telephone service . Uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 GHz . Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high . Used by common carriers as well as private networks . Requires unobstructed line of sight between source and receiver . Curvature of the earth requires stations (repeaters) ~30 miles apart .
Microwave Applications
Microwave
Advantages :
No cabling needed between sites . Wide bandwidth . Multichannel transmissions . Line of sight requirement . Expensive towers and repeaters . Subject to interference -e.g. passing airplanes, rain .
Disadvantages :
A microwave relay station in space . Can relay signals over long distances .
Wireless Technologies
Microwave
Microwave systems transmit voice and data through the atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves One particular characteristic of the microwave system is that it cannot bend around corners; therefore microwave antennas must be in "line of sight" of each other The following are some of the characteristics of the microwave system: High Volume Long distance transmission Point to point transmission High frequency radio signals are transmitted from one terrestrial transmitter to another Satellites serve as a relay station for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances. See image next slide
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Wireless Technologies
Low-Orbit Satellite and Microwave Transmission
Microwave Spectrum
Total of all usable frequencies under 1 GHz gives a reference on the capacity of in the microwave range.
Microwave Impairments
Equipment, antenna, and waveguide failures. Fading and distortion from multipath reflections. Absorption from rain, fog, and other atmospheric conditions. Interference from other frequencies.
Reflections
Diffraction
Rain Attenuation
Skin Affect
frequency energy travels only on the outside skin of a conductor and does not penetrate into it any great distance. Skin Affect determines the properties of microwave signals.
Fresnel Zone Clearance is the minimum clearance over obstacles that the signal needs to be sent over. Reflection or path bending will occur if the clearance is not sufficient.
D1 X D2
72.2
FxD
secret formula
Microwave Fading
Normal Signal
Reflective Path
Caused by multi-path reflections and heavy rains
Range
Range-contd
Interference
Digital not greatly affected. Caused by signal feeding past a repeater to the receiving antenna at the next station in the route. Eliminated by zigzag path alignment or alternate frequency use between adjacent stations.
Overreach
Digital Modem
RF Unit
optimal).
Antenna
Waveguides
Waveguides are hollow channels of low-loss material used to direct the signal from the RF unit to the antenna.
Modulation Methods
FM or AM signals.
10 or one error per million transmitted bits of information. Data fail over is at 10 ; voice traffic can withstand this error rate.
Diversity
Space Diversity
Normal Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Space Diversity-contd
Space Diversity protects against multipath fading by automatic switch over to another antenna place below the primary antenna. This is done at the BER failure point or signal strength attenuation point to the secondary antenna that is receiving the transmitted signal at a stronger power rating.
Frequency Diversity
Active XTMR Frequency #1 RCVR Frequency #1
RCVR Frequency #2
Transmitter
Receiver
Frequency Diversity-contd
Frequency Diversity uses separate frequencies (dual transmit and receive systems); it monitors primary for fail over and switches to standby. Interference usually affects only one range of frequencies. Not allowed in non-carrier applications because of spectrum scarcity.
Hot Standby*
System XTMR Primary #1 Active RCVR #1
Standby RCVR #2
PRI
System Transmission Facilities Connect to PRI interface & PSTN System Receiver Facilities Connect to PRI interface & PSTN
Transmitter
Receiver To PSTN
To PSTN
Availability Formula
Percent Availability equals:
1 (outage hours/8760 hours per year) Private microwaves have 99.99% availability
Free space gain Antenna alignment factor Unfaded received signal level