UNIT I

Overview of Database System

Overview of Database System

RDBMS Managing Data 1. Database Design and Application 2. Data Analysis 3. Concurrency and Robustness 4. Efficiency and Scalability

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

In traditional file processing 2 (or more) files used to store information. But in DBMS a single repository is shared among multiple users (saves storage space). Characteristics of DBMS over file system are.

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

Self Describing nature of a Database System

DBMS catalog contains information such as

Complete definition (description) of the DB structure Constraints Structure of each file The type and storage format of each data item The DBMS software must work equally well with any number of DB applications as long as the DB definition is stored in the catalog.

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

Insulation between programs and data: Called program-data independence (w.r.t OODB It is Program operation independence) Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to change the DBMS access programs.

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

Data Abstraction: Hiding implementation details(i.e. high level details) from end user. Eg:In case of storage of data in database user can only access the database, but implementation details such as how the data is stored physically onto the disc is hidden from user. A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database.

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

A data model is a collection of concepts for describing data properties and domain knowledge:
Data relationships Data semantics Data constraints Eg: Entity-relationship Model
Diagrammatic representation Easier to work with

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

Support of multiple views of the data: Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user.

Difference between Flat File System and DBMS

Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:

Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the database. Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction has its effect permanently recorded in the database

Flat File System

Disadvantages Advantages Simpler to use Less expensive Typically does not support multiuser access

Limited to smaller databases(Size)

Limited functionality (i.e. no support for complicated transactions, recovery, etc.)

Fits the needs of many small businesses and home users

Good for database solutions for hand held devices such as Palm Pilot

1.Redundancy and Integrity issues 2.Use should write separate program to perform each task(it may be complex) 3. No security 4. No backup & recovery 5. No Protection for data in 10 concurrent access

Advantages Greater flexibility Good for larger databases Greater processing power Fits the needs of many medium to large-sized organizations Storage for all relevant data Ensures data integrity between transactions (ACID = atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) Supports simultaneous access Provides backup and recovery controls Advanced security
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DATABASE
Disadvantages

Difficult to learn Requires skilled administrators Expensive

Advantages of Using the Database Approach Controlling redundancy in data storage. Sharing of data among multiple users. Restricting unauthorized access to data. Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for efficient Query Processing

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Advantages of Using the Database Approach

Providing backup and recovery services. Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users. Representing complex relationships among data. Enforcing integrity constraints on the database and security. Data Independence
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Advantages of Using the Database Approach

Efficient data access Data Administration Concurrent access and recovery

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Other Advantages of Using the Database Approach

Flexibility to change data structures:

Database structure may evolve as new requirements are defined.

Availability of current information:

Extremely important for on-line transaction systems such as airline, hotel, car reservations.

Reduced application development Time

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Use a DBMS when this is important

persistent storage of data centralized control of data control of redundancy control of consistency and integrity multiple user support sharing of data data documentation data independence control of access and security backup and recovery

Do not use a DBMS when

the initial investment in hardware, software, and training is too high the overhead for security, concurrency control, and recovery is too high or not required data and applications are simple and stable real-time requirements cannot be met by it multiple user access is not needed Disadvantages of DBMS

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 Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd (August 23, 1923 April 18, 2003) was a British computer scientist who, while working for IBM, invented the relational model for database management, the theoretical basis for relational databases. He made other valuable contributions to computer science, but the relational model, a very influential general theory of data management, remains his most mentioned achievement.
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