Computers Are Your Future Chapter 5

Input , output and Auxiliary Storage devices.

Department of Management Sciences. National University of Modern Languages Islamabad.

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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 5

What You Will Learn About

The purpose of special keys and the most frequently used pointing devices Input devices used to get audio and digital data into the computer The characteristics of a monitors quality and the various types of monitors The two major types of printers The difference between memory and storage

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What You Will Learn About

The categories of storage devices The performance characteristics of hard drives How data is stored on both hard and floppy disks The various optical storage media available for personal computers

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Input
Input is any data entered into the computers memory. Types of input include:
Data Unorganized information (words, numbers, images, or sounds) that the computer converts to meaningful information Software Programs transferred from storage devices to the computers memory Commands Instructions that tell the computer what to do Responses Prompts requiring user feedback
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Input Devices: Giving Commands

Keyboard

Mouse

Other Pointing Devices

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Audio Input
Computers can accept input from a microphone. An expansion card called a sound card records and plays back sound files. Sound files contain digitized sound data. Popular sound file formats include: Windows WAV Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) MP2 and MP3 Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
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Audio Input: Speech Recognition

Speech recognition is a type of input in which the computer recognizes words spoken into a microphone. Special software and a microphone are required. Latest technology uses continuous speech recognition where the user does not have to pause between words.

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Digital Input: Digital Cameras and Digital Video

Digital Cameras

Digital Video

Click on the picture to play the video.

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Alternative Input Devices

Scanners
Flatbed Barcode reader

Fax Machines

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Output Devices: Engaging our Senses

Output devices are peripheral devices that enable us to view or hear the computers processed data.
Visual output Text, graphics, and video
Audio output Sounds, music, and synthesized speech
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 5

Monitors

CRT

LCD

A monitor is a peripheral device which displays computer output on a screen. Screen output is referred to as soft copy. Types of monitors:
Cathode-ray tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD or flat-panel)
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Monitor Specifications

Screen size The diagonal measurement of the screen surface in inches (15, 17, 19, 21) Resolution The sharpness of the image determined by the number of horizontal and vertical dots (pixels) that the screen can display (800 x 600, 1024 x 768, 1600 x 1200) Refresh rate The speed at which the screen is redrawn (refreshed) and measured in Hertz (Hz) (60Hz, 75Hz)
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Computers Are Your Future Chapter 5

Printers

A printer is a peripheral device that produces a physical copy or hard copy of the computers output.

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Types of Printers
Inkjet Laser

Inkjet printer, also called a bubble-jet, makes characters by inserting dots of ink onto paper Letter-quality printouts Cost of printer is inexpensive but ink is costly
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Laser printer works like a copier Quality determined by dots per inch (dpi) produced Color printers available Expensive initial costs but cheaper to operate per page
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Plotter

A plotter is a printer that uses a pen that moves over a large revolving sheet of paper.

It is used in engineering, drafting, map making, and seismology.

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Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speakers

Audio output is the ability of the computer to output sound. Two components are needed:
Sound card Plays contents of digitized recordings

Speakers Attach to sound card

Click an icon to play music. Click the icon WMA again to stop Beethoven playing.
1:15 min
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Try clicking on Cheers while playing music.

MIDI
Rocky 2:56 min

MP3
Hornsby 48 sec

WAV
Cheers 15 sec
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Memory vs. Storage

Hard Drive storage RAM memory

Storage, also known as mass media or auxiliary storage, refers to the various media on which a computer system can store data. Storage devices hold programs and data in units called files.

Memory is a temporary workplace where the computer transfers the contents of a file while it is being used.
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Why Is Storage Necessary?

Storage devices:
Retain data when the computer is turned off Are cheaper than memory

Play an important role during startup

Are needed for output

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Storage Devices
Storage devices are categorized by:
The type of operations they perform
The method they use to access the information

The technology they use

Their location in the storage hierarchy Their capacity and speed

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Sequential vs. Random Access Storage

Tape Drive sequential storage Floppy Disk Drive random-access storage Hard Disk random-access storage

Sequential Storage devices that read and write data in a serial (one after the other) fashion

Random-Access Storage devices that read and write data without going through a sequence of locations
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Storage Technologies: Magnetic and Optical

Magnetic Storage Optical Storage CD/DVD drive

Magnetic Storage devices use disks or tapes that are coated with magnetically sensitive material Optical Storage devices that use laser beams to read patterns etched into plastic disks
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The Storage Hierarchy

The three levels of storage hierarchy are:
Online storage Also called primary storage, it is made up of the storage devices that are actively available to the computer system. User action is not required. Near-online storage Also called secondary storage, it is not readily available to the computer system. The user performs an action, such as inserting a disk, to make it available. Offline storage Also called tertiary storage or archival storage, it is not readily available to the computer system. Devices such as tape backup units store data for archival purposes.

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Storage Capacity and Speed

Floppy Disk Hard Drive CD ROM / DVD

Capacity 720 KB to 1.44 MB

Capacity Up to 80 GB Access Time 6 to 12ms

Capacity CD-ROM 650 MB; DVD 17 GB

Access Time 100ms

Access Time 80 to 800ms

A storage devices performance is measured by:

Capacity The number of bytes of data that a device can hold

Access Time The amount of time, in milliseconds (ms), it takes the device to begin reading data

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Hard Disks
Platter Read/Write head

Hard disks are high-speed, high-capacity storage devices.

They contain metal disks called platters.

They contain two or more stacked platters with read/write heads for each side.

Hard disks can be divided into partitions to enable computers to work with more than one operating system.
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Factors Affecting a Hard Disks Performance

Seek time or positioning performance How quickly the read/write head positions itself and begins transferring information. It is measured in milliseconds (ms). Spindle speed or transfer performance How quickly the drive transfers data. It is measured in rotations per minute (RPM).

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Floppy and Zip Disks and Drives

Floppy Drive
Click on the picture to see it work.

Zip Drive

A disk or diskette is a portable storage medium. High-density floppy disks that are commonly used today store 1.44 MB of data. Disks work with a disk drive. Zip disks store up to 750 MB of data and are not downwardly compatible with floppy disks.
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Floppy Disk

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CD-ROM Discs and Drives

CD-ROM stands for Compact DiscRead Only Memory. CD-ROM drives can not write data to discs. They are capable of storing 650 MB of data. They are used for storing operating systems, large application programs, and multimedia programs.
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CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders

CD-R Discs can be read and written to Discs can only be written to once CD-R drives are capable of reading and writing data CD-RW Discs can be read and written to Discs are erasable

Discs can be written to many times

CD-RW drives are capable of reading, writing, and erasing data
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DVD-ROM Discs and Drives

DVD stands for Digital Video Disc.

DVD technology is similar to CDROM technology.

DVDs are capable of storing up to 17GB of data. The data transfer rate of DVD drives is comparable to that of hard disk drives.

DVD-R and DVD-RW drives have the ability to read/write data.

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Solid State Storage Devices

Solid state storage devices use nonvolatile memory chips to retain data. They do not have moving parts. They are small, lightweight, reliable, and portable.

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Solid State Storage Devices

Smart Card Memory Stick

Flash Memory

Compact Flash Memory

PC Card

Micro Drive

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Chapter 5 Summary
Input is the software, data, and information that is entered into the computers memory.

Input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and trackball enable the user to enter data.
A pointing device enables the user to control movements of an on-screen pointer.

Speech recognition software enables the user to enter data into a computer by speaking into a microphone.
Video and images can be entered into a computer by way of digital cameras, scanners, and fax modems.

Monitors enable the user to view the computers processed data. The output is known as soft copy.
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Chapter 5 Summary (continued)

The two types of monitors are the CRT and the LCD. A monitors quality is measured by screen size, resolution, and refresh rate. Printers produce permanent versions (hard copies) of the computers output. The two basic types of printers are the inkjet and laser. Memory makes software and data available for the CPUs use. Storage devices are categorized by: Data access (sequential or random-access) Technology (magnetic, optical, or solid state) Hierarchy (online, near-online, or offline) Operations (read-only or read/write)

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Chapter 5 Summary (continued)

A hard disks performance is measured by its positioning performance and transfer rate. Optical storage devices include: CD-ROM Read-only CD-R Record once CD-RW Erasable, write repeatedly DVD-ROM Read-only DVD-R Read/write Solid state storage devices include: PC cards Flash memory cards Smart cards
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