Optical Communication Systems

NITIN KUMAR Asst Professor

Electronics And Communication Engineering Deptt Sunderdeep Engineering college

OVERVIEW

Information Systems Evolution & What is it ? Why there is Demand of Large bandwidth ? Why Optical Fiber Technology ? Optical Transmission fundamentals. How to Explode the optical fiber bandwidth ? Data rate requirements for high speed networks. Optical Fiber Solutions for todays Systems & Networks.

An Information Model
Definition:
Delivering information to an authorized user when it is needed, wherever it is needed i.e, regardless of the physical location of the user or of the information, and whatever form it is needed in a secure way.

Information Systems Evolution

Compared to legacy systems todays Systems are: - Data oriented, large, and complex - On-line, interactive with strong emphasis on user interface e.g. Graphical User Interface - Global, distributed and extensive in their reach - More volatile and subjective to constant change Todays systems often require reuse of components of existing systems and building new systems to deal with changes

Needs For Todays Optical Systems

Increase capacity of transmission (bit/sec). Minimize insertion loss (dB). Minimize polarization dependent loss (PDL). Minimize temperature dependence of the optical performance (a thermal solutions). Minimize component packaging size
(integrability).

Modularity of components is an advantage (versatility)

Trends

Internet: A Deriving force

SOME ACTUAL FACTS

12 Million email messages in next minute 0.5 Million voice mail messages in next minute 3.7 Million people log on the net today Next 100 days, Internet traffic doubles 100 Million additional internet users every year
DEMAND FOR MORE BANDWIDTH
ONLY SOLUTION IS

Data based on the survey at Bell Laboratories, USA in Nov., 2000.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

The Race for Bandwidth 1995 2001

World Wide Web Users World Wide Web Servers Monthly Internet Traffic Internet Backbone Demand 300+ Million 100K 17+ Million 31 Terabytes 350,000 Terabytes
Doubles Every 6 Months

6 Million

Exploding Demands for Bandwidth

Optical Fiber Bandwidth as a function of time 40 X OC 92 denotes 40 wavelength channels OC-48= 2.5Gb/s, OC-192=10Gb/s, OC-768=40Gb/s

Trunk transmission capacity

256 # WDM-channels 99 64 16 4 80 83 1 0.01

97
98 96

00

02?

0.1

86

89

98 10

100

Channel bitrate (Gb/s)

Do We Need Terabits ?
Information Systems Computing Shift The Internet Ligthwave Capacity Trends Global Networking

Facts Regarding Optical Transmission

BIT RATE INCREASING TRANSMISSION DISTANCE INCREASING

Capacity Growth of Optical Fiber Each Year

Year Capacity (Gb/s) 1980 0.1 1985 1 1990 3 1995 5 2000 100 (40 practically shown) 2005 1,000 (If limitations due to Dispersion & Nonlinearities are overcome)

The optical world is approaching towards

1. 50 THz Transmission Window 1000 Channel WDM 100 Gb/s TDM 1000 km Repeater less transmission

If Nonlinearities can be controlled, transmission window will be 300THz

Optical Fiber Applications

Fiber to the Home

OFC Backbone Capacity

Bandwidth-What is it ?
Bandwidth is the a measure of information carrying capacity of a medium. To the digital word, it is translated into a maximum bit rate at which signals can be sent without significant signal degradation Fiber bandwidth is typically quoted in frequency and normalized to fiber length (MHz-Km) - As length increases bandwidth decreases A fiber bandwidth is determined by its pulse spreading properties

Bandwidth-What is it ?
The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of a band that can be passed by a transmission medium without undue distortion. A term used to indicate the amount of transmission or processing capacity possessed by a system or specific location in a system (Usually a network system)

Copper Versus Fiber: Repeaters

Eliminate the dangers found in areas of high lightning-strike

Fiber links offer over 1,000 times as much bandwidth and distances over 100 times
Distance Bandwid Voice th Channels

Copper

2.5 km

1.5 Mb/s

24

Fiber

200 KM

2.5+ Gb/s

32,000 +

Electromagnetic Spectrum

 The

first practical scheme of optical communication, was invented by Alexander Grahm Bell, in 1880, the Photophone. Photophone: Device in which speech can be transmitted on a beam of light, using mirrors & selenium detectors. Present optical communication systems use Laser & Optical Fiber technologies. Optical frequency is typically 1014 Hz, which can support wideband modulation. Compared to microwave frequencies 109 Hz, the optical career can offer 105 times more bandwidth.

Introduction to Optical COmmunication

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

Fiber Optics is a revolutionary development that has changed the face of telecommunications around the world Transmission of data as a light pulses through optical fiber (first converting electronic binary signals to light and then finally converting back to electronic signals)

Elements of Fiber Optics

Transmission

Light Source (such as Infrared LED converts pulses and sends into optical fiber)
850 nm, 1300 nm Low cost, easy to use Used for multi mode fiber

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

(Contd..)

Laser Source having properties

Coherence Monochromaticity Directionality High Specific Intensity 850 nm, 1300 nm, 1550 nm Very high power output Very high speed operation Very expensive Need specialized power supply & circuitry

Reception

Photo detector converts back to electrical pulses

PIN DIODES 850, 1300, 1550 nm Low cost APDs (Avalanche Photodiodes) 850, 1300, 1500 nm High sensitivity, can operate at very low power levels expensive

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

(Contd..)

Propagation in Fiber

Light propagates by mans of total internal reflection. Optical Fiber consists of two concentric layers
Core inner layer Cladding outer layer

Refractive index of core is greater than cladding, necessary for total internal reflection Light entering with acceptance angle propagates through fiber
Strikes core cladding interface > critical angle and gets reflected completely. Zig-zags down length of core through repeated reflections. Fairly lossless propagation through bends also.

Optical fiber

Multimode (Graded Index 50/125 & 62.5/125 ) Single mode (8.7 /125 )

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

Major

(Contd..)

Advantages of FOC

Large Bandwidth (Extremely high information carrying capacity)

Carrier frequency Light 1014 Hz Makes possible widespread long distance communication of high bandwidth signals Color video High speed network High degree of Multiplexing, without much interference among them.

Low Loss (Long repeaterless link length/repeater spacing)

Loss as low as 0.1 dB/Km Repeater spacing of over 100 Km possible over land & under sea.

EMI immunity (Even in noisy or harsh environmentsLightning, factory floor, high voltage lines, broadcast towers)

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

Major

(Contd..)

Advantages of FOC (Contd..)

Compact and light weight Single fiber can easily replace 1000 pair copper cable of 10 cm dia. Security

(impossible to tap) Safety (insulator & no sparks ideal for hazardous environment)

Can be used in Oil exploration Oil refineries Mines Explosives Petrochemical Other hazardous chemical

Basics of Fiber Optic Communication

Some
Fiber

(Contd..)

practical disadvantages of FOC

is expensive Connectors very expensive (due to degree of precision involved) Connector installation time consuming & highly skilled operation Joining (splicing) of fibers requires expensive equipment & skilled operators Connections & joints are relatively lossy Difficult to tap in & out (for bus architectures) need expensive couplers Relatively careful handling required

First Generation Support:

Advances in Optical Communication

Operating at: 850 nm Bit Rates: 50 -100 Mbps Repeater Spans: 10 Kms Sources & Detectors made of InGaAsP compound semiconductor

Second Generation Support:

Operating at: 1300 nm Bit Rates: 1-2 Gbps Repeater Spans: 40 -50 Kms Sources & Detectors made of InGaAsP compound semiconductor
Operating at: 1550 nm Bit Rates: 2.4 Gbps Repeater Spans: 100 Kms

Third Generation Support:

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

Present Standards Supported:
Various

multiplexing techniques for enhanced capacity utilization, use of optical amplifiers & Soliton based transmission systems developed. Speed & Repeater spacing due to fiber optic systems, newer standards such as:
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) DQDB (Dual Queue Distributed Bus) SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

More Advanced Systems:

Era

of high capacity Trans Atlantic Telecommunication (TAT) began as under:

TAT

- 2 in 1959 TAT 6 in 1976 TAT 7 in 1983 (offered a capacity of about 4000 analog circuits) Optical fiber based TAT 8 in 1989 (offered 40,000 circuits, 64,000 Km long, 280 Mbps, 40 Km repeater distance ) TAT - 12/13 with many new features is now operational Some other fiber systems include HAW 4 (Hawaiian Cable 4), TPC 3(Trans Pacific Cable 3)

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

Further

achievements include Fiber losses 0.16 dB/Km (at 1550 nm) Laser with threshold currents of few milli-amperes and life time of over a million hours Repeater spans of more than 200 Kms. Transmission rates in excess of 2 Gbps Advent of EDOFA (Erbium-Doped optical fiber amplifier), using dispersion compensating Soliton transmission techniques or the use of dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) and the improvements made in the attenuation & dispersion characteristics of the modern optical fiber have led to the demonstration of data transmission in experiments with repeaterless spans of over 10,000 Km and bit rates in excess of 10 Gbps More complex coherent optical communication, wavelength routed, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) links are available.

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

Coherent communication systems make use of: Sources & detectors made of quantum well structures with high directional properties. Single mode single polarization optical fiber having very low loss and very low dispersion. Has superior SNR capabilities, long repeater spans & high bit rates. WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Provides an easy way to increase the utilization of the high channel channel capacity of the optical fiber. Integrated Optics Deals with the miniaturization & integration on a single substrate optical components such as - electro optic modulator - polarization controller - splitters / combiners - directional couplers - lenses

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

-Optical MEMs make use of silicon micro machining to realize micro-opto-mechanical elements -Soliton Propagation in Optical Fibers -Initially launched pulse may propagate with ultra-low dispersion over thousands of Kilometers -Active devices within fibers EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) are now available. -Photonic switching architectures (which use integrated optic switches) & optical MEMs provides data rate transparent switching services to optical fiber based trunks

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..)

Features of Present Optical Communication

S ig n a l s S y ste m s

S ta n d a r d s D e p lo y m e n t P h o t o n ic T ec h n o lo g y

V o i c e , D a ta , V i d e o , I n t e g r a t e d S e r v ic e s P o i n t - to - P o i n t, M u lt ip o i n t, S h o r t - h a u l, L o n g -H a u l ( U n d e r s e a ) S O N E T /S D H , F D D I , I S D N , B I S D N , A T M LAN , M AN , W AN , C ATV , H FC, FTTC, FTTH P h o t o n ic s w it c h i n g , W D M /T D M /O F D M , A l l o p t i c a l/p h o t o n ic n e t w o r k s , S o li to n S y s t e m s , O p ti c a l a m p li fi c a ti o n

Advances in Optical Communication (Contd..) System Design Issues

Source
LED Diode
Quantum Noise Noise

Receiver
Detector Amplifier

Fiber

Laser

Quantum

Quantum Noise Optical: Spontaneous emission noise

Mode partition noise

Bandwidth Limit noise

Mode Partition

Shot noise Shot

Electronic: & thermal

Dispersion limit Non-linear effects

Bandwidth Limit

noise Bandwidth Limit

Bandwidth Limit

Information Transmission Sequence

Optical Communication Systems

First Generation, ~1975, 0.8 m MM-fibre, GaAs-laser or LED Second Generation, ~1980, 1.3 m, MM & SM-fibre InGaAsP FP-laser or LED Third Generation, ~1985, 1.55 m, SM-fibre InGaAsP DFB-laser, ~ 1990 Optical amplifiers Fourth Generation, 1996, 1.55 m WDM-systems

0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Wavelength (m)

Fiber Structure
A Core Carries most of the light, surrounded by A Cladding, Which bends the light and confines it to the core, covered by A primary buffer coating which provides mechanical protection, covered by A secondary buffer coating, which protects primary coating and the underlying fiber.

Fiber Structure Cont

Types Of Optical Fibre

Light ray
Single-mode step-index fibre n1 core n2 cladding no air n1 core n2 cladding no air Variable n Multimode graded-index fibre Index porfile

Multimode step-index fibre

Multimode Step Index Fiber

Core diameter range from 50-1000m Light propagate in many different ray paths, or modes, hence the name multimode Index of refraction is same all across the core of the fiber Bandwidth range 20-30 MHz

Multimode Graded Index Fiber

The index of refraction across the core is gradually changed from a maximum at the center to a minimum near the edges, hence the name Graded Index Bandwidth ranges from 100MHz-Km to 1GHz-Km

Pulse Spreading
T Pulse from zero-order mode T

Pulses from other modes

T Pulse from highest-order mode T

Resulting pulse

time

Calculation of Pulse Spread

y/2
C

y/2
C

x y cosC

Modes of Vibration of a String

Lowest order mode

A1 sin( 0t )

Second order mode

A2 sin(2 0t )

Third order mode

A3 sin(3 0t )

Single-Mode Graded Index Fiber

The Core diameter is 8 to 9m All the multiple-mode or multimode effects are eliminated However, pulse spreading remains Bandwidth range 100GHz-Km

Typical Core and Cladding Diameters (m)

Acceptance Cone & Numerical Aperture

Acceptance Cone
qC n2 cladding n1 core n2 cladding

Acceptance angle, qc, is the maximum angle in which external light rays may strike the air/fibre interface and still propagate down the fibre with <10 dB loss.

q C sin

n1 n2
2

Numerical aperture: NA = sin qc = (n12 - n22)

Multiple OFC

Standard Optical Core Size

The standard telecommunications core sizes in use today are: 8.3 m (single-mode), 50-62.5 m (multimode)

Thanks