KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA)

Kingdom Eubacteria (True Bacteria)

Bacteria are located everywhere air, water, land, and living organisms including people.

General Characteristics:
1. All are unicellular (one-celled structural level) 2. All are prokaryotic - cells that lack nucleus (no nuclear envelope) (PRO = NO nucleus) 3. All have cell walls N cellulose in cell !alls

". Can live in #oth aerobic (with O2) an$ anaerobic (without O2) environ%ents

&. Bacteria are %uch larger in si'e than viruses.

Characteristics
eukary tes

&r kary tes

smaller than

Smaller than smallest eukary tes All are unicellular N ! c nsi"ere" t! kin#" ms$ Archae%acteria an" Eu%acteria

KINGDOM ARC'AEBACTERIA
Archae ( ancient E) luti n c nsi"ers them the *irst r#anisms Can li)e !here n thers can

Ty&es * Archae%acteria$ methan #ens

C n)ert CO+ int methane #as O+ is & is n t them Re,uire anaer %ic c n"iti ns (i-e- se!a#e r s!am&) Thri)e in c ! an" human intestines

Ty&es * Archae%acteria$ therm aci" &hiles

. )e h t an" aci"ic en)ir nment Many are chem synthetic

) lcanic )ents

hy"r thermal )ents

Ty&es * Archae%acteria$ e/treme hal &hiles

Salt0l )in# Great Salt .ake an" Dea" Sea 1se salt t #enerate AT2

KINGDOM E1BACTERIA
Classi*ie" in t! !ays$ sha&e an" stain 3 "i**erent sha&es 1nicellular r c l nies

6. Bacteria usually have one of three different cell shapes:

Coccus ((phere-shape$) Ex: treptococcus

Bacilli (rod!shaped) Ex: "acto#acillus

(pirillu% ((piral-shape$) Ex: pirillium

4- S2'ERE0S'A2ED$ COCC1S

Di&l c ccus 0 t! Sta&hyl c ccus 5 clusters Stre&t c ccus 5 strin#s

+- ROD0S'A2ED$ BACI..1S

Di&l %acillus 0 t!

Stre&t %acillus 0 strin#s

3- CORK SCRE6$ S2IRI..1M

What shape?
bacillus spirillum coccus

coccus

bacillus

spirillum

REACTION TO STAIN
Gram stain use" * r classi*icati n

Di**erin# reacti n %ase" n cell !all

Cell mem%rane (2h s&h li&i") 2e&ti" #lycan (2r tein 7 su#ar) .i& & lysacchari"e (8at 7 su#ar) Gram0ne#ati)e Gram0& siti)e

GRAM02OSITI9E E1BACTERIA

A%s r% Gram stain an" a&&ear &ur&le Sim&le cell !all anti%i tics are e**ecti)e

GRAM0NEGATI9E E1BACTERIA

D n t a%s r% Gram stain A%s r% a sec n"ary &ink stain C m&le/ cell !all anti%i tics are ine**ecti)e

Causes Disease by: $. Destroying cells of infected organisms #y #rea%ing the cells down for food.

Cytoplasm enetic Material Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

!lagella

"#ample$ E. coli

&. 'eleases to#ins (poisons) which destroy cells of infected organism.

(. )ust have access to new hosts to spread.

Different %osts

D& 'mportance$ (& Beneficial a& brea)down dead matter to recycle nutrients into ecosystem * decomposers

Example: Compost piles need microorganisms (ex. bacteria) to decompose (breakdown) matter.

#. dairy industry ! bacteria in yogurt+ sour cream and cheese

&:*+ minute video

c. Oil spills - bacteria can digest small oil spills

d. ,enetic engineeringRecombinant,synthetic DN- ."#$ 'nsulin/

e. sym#iotic relationship ! E. coli and our intestines!#oth organisms #enefit

Example: E. coli in intestines helps us digest food and ma%e vitamins (such as .itamin / and B! complex) 0n return, human intestines provide food and shelter for #acteria.
(This strain of E. coli is different from the E. coli strain that causes food poisoning.)

3:07 minute video

Harmful : a. human diseases strep throat, tuberculosis, tooth decay and bad breath, anthrax, plague, tetanus, ood poisoning

Anthra x

0etanus

Strep Throat

b. food spoilage and poisoning caused by !almonella and !taphylococcus

c. Treated with antibiotics Some bacteria are able to survive in presence of antibiotics that kill other bacteria antibiotic resistant bacteria
1ote: 2his is why doctors tell you to ta%e the entire amount of medicine given even if you start to feel #etter #ecause if not, #acteria will have the chance to evolve and #ecome anti#iotic resistant.