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GARDEN CITY CONCEPT

Complied by: sayali

EBENEZER HOWARD Sir Ebenezer Howard OBE (29 January 1850 1 May 1928)is known for his publication Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature.

The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, that realised several Garden Cities in
Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century. This movement influenced the development of several model suburbs such as Forest Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr. in 1909,Radburn NJ (1923) and the Suburban Resettlement Program towns of the 1930s . EARLY LIFE Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of a shopkeeper. He was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire, and subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple. In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle, Howard emigrated with two friends to America. He went to Nebraska, but soon discovered that he did not wish to be a farmer. He then relocated to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts and newspapers. In the U.S. he became acquainted with, and

admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to ponder ways to improve the quality of life. LATER LIFE
By 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard company, which produces the official verbatim record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation

PUBLICATIONS The only publication he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, which was significantly revised in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents).

GARDEN CITYSIR EBENEZER HOWARD


Garden city most potent planning model in western urban planning. Created by ebenezer howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems. Howard read widely, including edward bellamy's 1888 utopian novel, looking backward, and henry george's economic treatise, progress and poverty, and thought much about social issues. He disliked the way modern cities were being developed and thought people should live in places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and towns. The only publication he wrote in his life was titled as garden cities of tomorrow. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous three magnets . GARDEN CITY an impressive diagram of the three magnets namely the town magnet, the country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country life. Naturally people preffered the third one namely garden city.

Three magnet diagram

Space for conservatory Space allotted for reservoir and waterfall Space allotted for cemetry Space for brickfeilds Space for forest Space for homes Railway track

Central park of the city Residences for the population Radially aligned canalsystem Space for insane asylum Space for industrial homes

Residences for the population of 58,000 people. Green space around the leisure Centralareas park of the
city Leisure areas such as cinema, museum, exhibition and shopping Radially connecting roads to the centre to city centre from the centre of garden Radially aligned drainage city system Space allotted for college for blind Space allotted for reservoir and waterfall

The original garden city concept By ebenezer howard, 1902

THE CONCEPT
Core garden city principles:
Strong community Ordered development Environmental quality

These were to be achieved by :


unified ownership of land to prevent individual land. Speculation and maximize communtiy benefits. Careful planning to provide generous living and working space while maintaining natural qualities. Social mix and good community facilities. Limit to growth of each garden city. Local participation in decision about development.

Howard wanted garden city for all incomes.


Most originally for those of modest incomes.
Detail section of garden city

There attractivness as living environments has often made them became more popular with better off people. It is an ideal city industry is balanced with agriculture, housing carefully distributed, and transport rationalised. However, the 32,000 inhabitants of this garden city are more mixed, by age, occupation and abilities. Along with brickfields, factories and markets are childrens cottage homes, industrial schools, convalescent homes, asylums f or the blind and deaf, and even a farm for epileptics. This is a city for the strong and weak, and where the weak grow in strength

RADBURN, NEW JERSEY


A PLANNED COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION
Radburn is an unincorporated planned community located within fair lawn, in bergen county, new jersey, united states.

Radburn was founded in 1929 as "a town for the motor age".
Its planners, clarence stein and henry wright, and its landscape architect marjorie sewell cautley aimed to incorporate modern planning principles, which were then being introduced into england's garden cities, following ideas advocated by urban planners ebenezer howard ( town + country), sir patrick geddes (folk + work + place) and clarence perry(neighbourhood planning). Radburn was explicitly designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system that does not cross any major roads at grade. Radburn introduced the largely residential "superblock" and is credited with incorporating some of the earliest culs-de-sac in the united states. 1929 25000 149 430 90 54 93 Radburn created People Acres Single houses Row houses Semi attached houses Apartment unit
Henry wright Clarence stein

Factors that influenced Rapid industrilisation after world war 1 Migration of rural to cities Dramatic growth of cities Housing shortage The need to provide housing and protect from motorised traffic

map of the north side section of the Radburn

Henry wrights six planks for housing platform Plan simply , but comprehensively.Dont stop at the individual property line. Adjust paving,sidewalks,sewers and the like to the particular needs of the pattern.Arrange buildings and grounds so as to give sunlight ,air and a tolerable outlook to even the smallest and the cheapest house. Provide ample sites in the place for community use;i.E platground,school garden,schools,theters,churches,public buildings and stores. Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful transportationof goods or people. Cars must be parked and stored ,deliveries made,waste collected (vehicular movement)-plan for such service with a minimum of danger ,noise and confusion. Relationship between building. Develop collectively such services as will add to the comfort of the individual,at lower cost than is possible under individual opertion.

Arrange for the occupancyy of house on a fair basis of cost and services,including the cost of whatneends to be done in organizing
,building and maintaining the community

Seaparation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

Super block - large block surrounded by main roads.


Houses grouped around small cul de sacs each accessed from main road, living, bedroom faced gardens and parks, service area to access roads Remaining land park areas. Walkways designed such that pedestrians can reach social places without crossing automobile street. Parks without additional cost from residents. Savings from minimizing roads requires less road area. 25% less area gave 12-15 % of total park area. The street network structure of radburn separate pedestrian paths run through the green spaces between the culs-de-sac and through the central green spine

Marjorie sewell cautley, clarence stein + henry wright|radburn plan

LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK
Letchworth 35miles from london. Land of 3822 acres. Reserved green belt 1300 acres. Designed for maximum of 35ooo population. In 30 years developed with 15000 population and 150 shops, industries. The land used was purchased by quakers who had intended to farm the area and build a quaker community. The town was laid out by raymond unwin as a demonstration of the

principles established by ebenezer howard who sought to create an


alternative to the industrial city by combining be best of town and country living.

Aerial view of lutchworth

Plan of lutchworth

WELWYN, UK
Welwyn 24 miles from london. Land of 2378 acres. Designed for a maximum of 40000 population. In 15 years developed with 10000 population and 50 shops, industries. Welwyn city is a town within the welwyn hatfield borough of hertfordshire, england. Planned by louis de soissons 1921 Welwyn garden city was the second garden city in england (founded 1920) and one of the first new towns (designated 1948). It is unique in being both a garden city and a new town and exemplifies the physical, social and cultural planning ideals of

Aerial view of welwyn

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