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Floating Point Numbers

CS208

Floating Point Numbers

Now you've seen unsigned and signed integers. In real life we also need to be able represent numbers with fractional parts (like: 12.5 & 45.39). Called Floating Point numbers. You will learn the IEEE 32-bit floating point representation.

Floating Point Numbers

In the decimal system, a decimal point (radix point) separates the whole numbers from the fractional part Examples: 37.25 ( whole = 37, fraction = 25/100) 123.567 10.12345678

Floating Point Numbers


For example, 37.25 can be analyzed as: 101 Tens 3 100 Units 7 10-1 Tenths 2 10-2 Hundredths 5

37.25 = (3 x 10) + (7 x 1) + (2 x 1/10) + (5 x 1/100)

Binary Equivalence
The binary equivalent of a floating point number can be determined by computing the binary representation for each part separately.
1) For the whole part: Use subtraction or division method previously learned. 2) For the fractional part: Use the subtraction or method (to be shown next) multiplication

Fractional Part Multiplication Method


In the binary representation of a floating point number the column values will be as follows:

25 24 23 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 32 16 8 4 2 1 . 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 32 16 8 4 2 1 . .5 .25 .125 .0625

Fractional Part Multiplication Method


Ex 1. Find the binary equivalent of 0.25 Step 1: Multiply the fraction by 2 until the fractional part becomes 0 .25

x2 0.5 x2 1.0
Step 2: Collect the whole parts in forward order. Put them after the radix point

. .5 . 0

.25 .125 .0625 1

Fractional Part Multiplication Method


Ex 2. Find the binary equivalent of 0.625 Step 1: Multiply the fraction by 2 until the fractional part becomes 0 .625 x 2 1.25 x 2 0.50 Step 2: Collect the whole parts in x 2 forward order. Put them after the 1.0 radix point

. .5 . 1

.25 .125 .0625 0 1

Fractional Part Subtraction Method


Start with the column values again, as follows: 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 1 . 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 1 . .5 .25 .125 .0625 .03125 .015625

Fractional Part Subtraction Method


Starting with 0.5, subtract the column values from left to right. Insert a 0 in the column if the value cannot be subtracted or 1 if it can be. Continue until the fraction becomes .0
Ex 1.

.25 - .25 .0

.5 .0

.25 1

.125

.0625

Binary Equivalent of FP number


Ex 2. Convert 37.25, using subtraction method. 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 . .5 .25 .125 .0625 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4

1 0 1. 0
.25 - .25 .0

37 - 32 5 -4 1 -1 0

37.2510 = 100101.012

Binary Equivalent of FP number


Ex 3. Convert 18.625, using subtraction method. 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 . .5 .25 .125 .0625 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
18 - 16 2 - 2 0 .625 - .5 .125 - .125 0

18.62510 = 10010.1012

Try It Yourself
Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:

60.7510 190.562510
(Answers on next page)

Answers
60.7510 = 111100.112

190.562510 = 10111110.10012

Problem storing binary form


We have no way to store the radix point! Standards committee came up with a way to store floating point numbers (that have a decimal point)

IEEE Floating Point Representation

Floating point numbers can be stored into 32bits, by dividing the bits into three parts: the sign, the exponent, and the mantissa.

1 2

10

32

IEEE Floating Point Representation

The first (leftmost) field of our floating point representation will STILL be the sign bit:

0 for a positive number, 1 for a negative number.

Storing the Binary Form


How do we store a radix point? - All we have are zeros and ones Make sure that the radix point is ALWAYS in the same position within the number. Use the IEEE 32-bit standard the leftmost digit must be a 1

Solution is Normalization
Every binary number, except the one corresponding to the number zero, can be normalized by choosing the exponent so that the radix point falls to the right of the leftmost 1 bit.

37.2510 = 100101.012 = 1.0010101 x 25

7.62510 = 111.1012 = 1.11101 x 22


0.312510 = 0.01012 = 1.01 x 2-2

IEEE Floating Point Representation

The second field of the floating point number will be the exponent. The exponent is stored as an unsigned 8-bit number, RELATIVE to a bias of 127.

Exponent 5 is stored as (127 + 5) or 132

132 = 10000100 122 = 01111010

Exponent -5 is stored as (127 + (-5)) or 122

Try It Yourself
How would the following exponents be stored (8-bits, 127-biased): 2-10

28
(Answers on next slide)

Answers
2-10 exponent bias 28 exponent bias -10 +127 117 8-bit value 01110101

8 +127 135

8-bit value 10000111

IEEE Floating Point Representation

The mantissa is the set of 0s and 1s to the left of the radix point of the normalized (when the digit to the left of the radix point is 1) binary number.

Ex:

1.00101 X 23
(The mantissa is 00101)

The mantissa is stored in a 23 bit field, so we add zeros to the right side and store:

00101000000000000000000

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Ex 1: Find the IEEE FP representation of 40.15625 Step 1. Compute the binary equivalent of the whole part and the fractional part. (i.e. convert 40 and .15625 to their binary equivalents)

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


40 - 32 8 - 8 0 Result: 101000 .15625 -.12500 .03125 -.03125 .0 Result: .00101

So:

40.1562510 = 101000.001012

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Step 2. Normalize the number by moving the decimal point to the right of the leftmost one.

101000.00101 = 1.0100000101 x 25

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Step 3. Convert the exponent to a biased exponent

127 + 5 = 132
And convert biased exponent to 8-bit unsigned binary: 13210 = 100001002

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Step 4. Store the results from steps 1-3:
Sign Exponent Mantissa (from step 3) (from step 2) 0 10000100 01000001010000000000000

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Ex 2: Find the IEEE FP representation of 24.75 Step 1. Compute the binary equivalent of the whole part and the fractional part.

24 - 16 8 - 8 0

Result: 11000

.75 - .50 .25 - .25 .0

Result: .11

So: -24.7510 = -11000.112

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion


Step 2. Normalize the number by moving the decimal point to the right of the leftmost one.

-11000.11 = -1.100011 x 24

Decimal Floating Point to IEEE standard Conversion.


Step 3. Convert the exponent to a biased exponent 127 + 4 = 131 ==> 13110 = 100000112 Step 4. Store the results from steps 1-3 Sign 1 Exponent 10000011 mantissa 1000110..0

Try It Yourself
Convert the following numbers to IEEE floating point representation: 60.7510

-190.562510

Answers
60.7510 = 0 10000100 11100110..0 -190.562510 = 1 10000110 011111010010..0

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion.

Do the steps in reverse order In reversing the normalization step move the radix point the number of digits equal to the exponent: If exponent is positive, move to the right If exponent is negative, move to the left

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion.


Ex 1: Convert the following 32-bit binary number to its decimal floating point equivalent: Sign Exponent Mantissa

01111101

010..0

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion..


Step 1: Extract the biased exponent and unbias it

Biased exponent = 011111012 = 12510


Unbiased Exponent: 125 127 = -2

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion..


Step 2: Write Normalized number in the form:

1 . ____________ x 2 Mantissa
For our number: -1. 01 x 2 2

Exponent ----

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion.


Step 3: Denormalize the binary number from step 2 (i.e. move the decimal and get rid of (x 2n) part):

-0.01012

(negative exponent move left)

Step 4: Convert binary number to the FP equivalent (i.e. Add all column values with 1s in them)

-0.01012 = - ( 0.25 + 0.0625) = -0.312510

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion.


Ex 2: Convert the following 32 bit binary number to its decimal floating point equivalent: Sign 0 Exponent 10000011 Mantissa 10011000..0

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion..


Step 1: Extract the biased exponent and unbias it

Biased exponent = 10000112 = 13110

Unbiased Exponent: 131 127 = 4

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion..


Step 2: Write Normalized number in the form:

Mantissa 1 . ____________ x 2

----

Exponent

For our number: 1.10011 x 2 4

IEEE standard to Decimal Floating Point Conversion.


Step 3: Denormalize the binary number from step 2 (i.e. move the decimal and get rid of (x 2n) part:

11001.12

(positive exponent move right)

Step 4: Convert binary number to the FP equivalent (i.e. Add all column values with 1s in them)

11001.1 = 16 + 8 + 1 +.5

= 25.510

Try It Yourself
Convert the following IEEE floating point numbers to decimal:

0
0

10000010
10000110

1110010..0
01010..0

01111101

10100..0

Answers
0 10000010 1110010..0 = 15.12510 10000110 01010..0 = 168.010 01111101 10100 = -0.4062510

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