Asthma

Asthma
Definition
Reactive airway disease Chronic inflammatory lung disease
Inflammation causes varying degrees of obstruction in the airways

Asthma is reversible in early stages

Triggers of Asthma

Allergens Exercise Respiratory Infections Nose and Sinus problems Drugs and Food Additives GERD Emotional Stress

Early and Late Phases of Responses of Asthma

Fig. 28-1

Asthma
Pathophysiology
Bronchospasm Airway inflammation

Asthma
Pathophysiology
Early-Phase Response Peaks 30-60 minutes post exposure, subsides 3090 minutes later Characterized primarily by bronchospasm Increased mucous secretion, edema formation, and increased amounts of tenacious sputum Patient experiences wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea

Asthma
Pathophysiology
Late-Phase Response Characterized primarily by inflammation Histamine and other mediators set up a selfsustaining cycle increasing airway reactivity causing hyperresponsiveness to allergens and other stimuli Increased airway resistance leads to air trapping in alveoli and hyperinflation of the lungs If airway inflammation is not treated or does not resolve, may lead to irreversible lung damage

Factors Causing Airway Obstruction in Asthma

Fig. 28-3

Summary of Pathophysiologic Features

Reduction in airway diameter Increase in airway resistance r/t

Mucosal inflammation Constriction of smooth muscle Excess mucus production

Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Unpredictable and variable Recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and tight chest

Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Expiration may be prolonged from a inspiration-expiration ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 or 1:4 Between attacks may be asymptomatic with normal or near-normal lung function

Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Wheezing is an unreliable sign to gauge severity of attack Severe attacks can have no audible wheezing due to reduction in airflow Silent chest is ominous sign of impending respiratory failure

Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Difficulty with air movement can create a feeling of suffocation

Patient may feel increasingly anxious Mobilizing secretions may become difficult

Asthma
Clinical Manifestations
Examination of the patient during an acute attack usually reveals signs of hypoxemia

Restlessness Increased anxiety Inappropriate behavior Increased pulse and blood pressure Pulsus paradoxus (drop in systolic BP during inspiratory cycle >10)

Asthma
Complications
Status asthmaticus Severe, life-threatening attack refractory to usual treatment where patient poses risk for respiratory failure

Asthma
Diagnostic Studies
Detailed history and physical exam Pulmonary function tests Peak flow monitoring Chest x-ray ABGs

Asthma
Diagnostic Studies
Oximetry Allergy testing Blood levels of eosinophils Sputum culture and sensitivity

Asthma
Collaborative Care
Education

Start at time of diagnosis Integrated into every step of clinical care Tailored to needs of patient Emphasis on evaluating outcome in terms of patients perceptions of improvement

Self-management

Asthma
Collaborative Care
Acute Asthma Episode

O2 therapy should be started and monitored with pulse oximetry or ABGs in severe cases Inhaled -adrenergic agonists by metered dose using a spacer or nebulizer Corticosteroids indicated if initial response is insufficient

Asthma
Collaborative Care
Acute Asthma Episode Therapy should continue until patient is breathing comfortably wheezing has disappeared pulmonary function study results are near baseline values

Asthma
Collaborative Care
Status asthmaticus

Most therapeutic measures are the same as for acute Increased frequency & dose of bronchodilators Continuous -adrenergic agonist nebulizer therapy may be given

Asthma
Collaborative Care
Status asthmaticus

IV corticosteroids Continuous monitoring Supplemental O2 to achieve values of 90% IV fluids are given due to insensible loss of fluids Mechanical ventilation is required if there is no response to treatment

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Long-term control medications

Achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma Treat symptoms of exacerbations

Quick-relief medications

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Bronchodilators

-adrenergic agonists (e.g., albuterol, salbutamol[Ventolin]) Acts in minutes, lasts 4 to 8 hours Short-term relief of bronchoconstriction Treatment of choice in acute exacerbations

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Bronchodilators
Useful

in preventing bronchospasm precipitated by exercise and other stimuli Overuse may cause rebound bronchospasm Too frequent use indicates poor asthma control and may mask severity

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Bronchodilators (longer acting)

12 or 24 hr; useful for nocturnal asthma Avoid contact with tongue to decrease side effects Can be used in combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroid
8

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Antiinflammatory drugs

Corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide) Suppress inflammatory response Inhaled form is used in long-term control Systemic form to control exacerbations and manage persistent asthma

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Antiinflammatory drugs Corticosteroids
Do

not block immediate response to allergens, irritants, or exercise Do block late-phase response to subsequent bronchial hyperresponsiveness Inhibit release of mediators from macrophages and eosinophils

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Anti-inflammatory drugs

Mast cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn, nedocromil) Inhibit release of histamine Inhibit late-phase response Long-term administration can prevent and reduce bronchial hyper-reactivity Effective in exercise-induced asthma when used 10 to 20 minutes before exercise

Asthma
Drug Therapy
Leukotriene modifiers (e.g. Singulair)

Leukotriene potent bronchco-constrictors and may cause airway edema and inflammation Have broncho-dilator and anti-inflammatory effects

Asthma
Patient Teaching Related to Drug Therapy
Correct administration of drugs is a major factor in determining success in asthma management

Some persons may have difficulty using an MDI and therefore should use a spacer or nebulizer DPI (dry powder inhaler) requires less manual dexterity and coordination

Asthma
Patient Teaching Related to Drug Therapy

Inhalers should be cleaned by removing dust cap and rinsing with warm water -adrenergic agonists should be taken first if taking in conjunction with corticosteroids

Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective airway clearance Anxiety Ineffective therapeutic regimen management

Nursing Management
Planning
Normal or near-normal pulmonary function Normal activity levels No recurrent exacerbations of asthma or decreased incidence of asthma attacks Adequate knowledge to participate in and carry out management

Nursing Management
Health Promotion

Teach patient to identify and avoid known triggers

Use

dust covers Use of scarves or masks for cold air Avoid aspirin or NSAIDs

Desensitization can decrease sensitivity to allergens

Nursing Management
Health Promotion

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of upper respiratory infections and sinusitis may prevent exacerbation
Fluid intake of 2 to 3L every day

Nursing Management
Health Promotion
Adequate nutrition Adequate sleep Take -adrenergic agonist 10 to 20 minutes prior to exercising

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Acute Intervention

Monitor respiratory and cardiovascular systems Lung sounds Respiratory rate Pulse BP

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
ABGs

oximetry FEV and PEFR Work of breathing Response to therapy

Pulse

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation

Nursing Interventions
Administer

O2 Bronchodilators Chest physiotherapy Medications (as ordered) Ongoing patient monitoring

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
An important goal of nursing is to decrease the patients sense of panic

Stay with patient Encourage slow breathing using pursed lips for prolonged expiration Position comfortably

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
The

patient must learn about medications and develop self-management strategies and health care professional must monitor responsiveness to medication
must understand importance of continuing medication when symptoms are not present

Patient

Patient

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Important patient teaching:

Seek medical attention for bronchospasm or when severe side effects occur Maintain good nutrition Exercise within limits of tolerance

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Important patient teaching (cont.):

Patient must learn to measure their peak flow at least daily Asthmatics frequently do not perceive changes in their breathing

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Counseling may be indicated to resolve problems Relaxation therapies may help relax respiratory muscles and decrease respiratory rate

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Peak Flow Results Green zone

Usually 80-100% of personal best Remain on medications

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Peak Flow Results Yellow zone

Usually 50-80% of personal best Indicates caution Something is triggering asthma

Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Peak Flow Results Red zone

50% or less of personal best Indicates serious problem Definitive action must be taken with health care provider