Subject 10: Seismic Data Processing Lecturer: Dr. Bakhtiar Q.

Aziz Objective: This subject is very important for BSc student so 4 hours are specified to give the students an obvious look out about the digital sequence of essential and optional processing. They take a flow chart of processing step by step, each processing is clarify and illustrated by diagram. Then the students will practice on which optional data is necessary for certain cases. Scientific contents
1- Flow chart of essential data processing. 1- Flow chart of optional data processing. 3-Common depth point.

References
1. 2. 3. 4.

Applied and environmental geophysics, 1999, Sharma,V.,P. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, 1988, Durbin, M. B. www.Geophysics.net www.seismicexploration.net/

Digital processing of seismic data It is a sequence of operations carried out according to a predefined program to extract a useful information from a set of raw data. It is summarized as follow: 1- Data copying.

2- data classification and storage.

3- Many types of computation and analysis. 4- Display of results. Display of raw data: There are four types of displaying seismic data on paper: 1- Wiggles 2- Variable area 3- Wiggle+Variable area 4-Variable intensity

Seismic section display as Wiggle+Variable area

0

Distance (Trace)

TWO Way Time

Data processing Sequence It is divide into two parts: 1- Essential Processing. 2- Optional Processing. Vibroseis Field data

Seismic Field data True Amplitude Recovery

Data Editing CDP Gather Static Correction Dynamic Correction Muting CDP Stack Section Display

Cross Correlation Optional Processing. Deconvolution Filtering Equalazation Migration Coherency Depth Conversion

1-Essential Processing: True Amplitude Recovery (TAR): Involves the removal of the following effects by multiplying the trace with the (F(T)Tar). 1- Spherical divergence. 2- Inelastic attenuation. 3- The net gain imposed by the recording station.

F(t )TAR

C.vAv..t.e .vAv. .t G(t )

C : Scaling constant v( Av ): Average velocity G( t ) : Gain applied

Data Editing: Some seismic data is harmful on the seismic record, so they have to be removed Such as; 1- Weak data 2- Dead data 3- Reverse data

: Absorption coefficient

Muting on actual seismic section

Dead or bad traces

Bad data removed

Common depth point (CDP) or Common reflection point (CRP)

It is a group of wave path have one common depth point In the past single shoot point and geophone is used, so every point below the surface is covered once.
SP1

SP2

G1 SP3

G2 SP4

G3

G4

CDP1

CDP2

CDP3

CDP4

In this case fold of coverage = %100 or

100

Fold: It is number of reflections from one common depth. One fold of coverage may give wrong result. So the fold of coverage is increased to: %300, %600, %1200, %2400, %4800, %9600

300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600

3-Fold 6-Fold 12-Fold 24-Fold 48-Fold 96-Fold

SP2 SP1

SP3

G3

G2

G1

SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP1 SP2

G6 G5

G1 G4 G3 G2

3-Fold, or %300, or Concept of (CDP) stack

CDP

300

6-Fold, or %600, or

CDP

600

It is a process of adding all the seismic traces which return to one common depth, it is always applied after static and dynamic corrections.

Before NMO Correction

After NMO Correction

After Stack

The importance of CDP-Stack

1-Enhancement of the signal

2- Attenuate the random noise 3- Control the multiples

CDP-Gather: After missing all unwanted data, all traces that return to one common depth point are gathered together to examine the process of data editing 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 S S
S
S S S 12 6 34 5

CDP

Data Editing

CDP-Gather

Muting: It is a kind of data editing by which the non-reflection events are removed, such as: 1- First part of traces which contained usually refracted data, it is also called (first break suppression). 2- directed waves. Muting

Direct and Refracted events

2-Optional processing:

Deconvolution: It is similar to TAR , but here we compensate for the loss of frequency components. This loss is caused by the effect of the earth materials that act as a filter for high Frequency. Deconvolution also defined as a process by which we restore the observed reflection Signal to the original form.

Frequency = 10 KHZ SP

Frequency = 0.10 KHZ

Trace equalazation: It is a process involves the adjacent of the gain of various channels so that their Amplitudes are comparable.

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

Before Equalization

After Equalization

Migration: It is a process that restore the reflettion events to their proper position, it is applied In the following cases: 1- When the dip is large. 2- When there is a syncline. Before migration After migration

Bow-Tie feature

Coherency: It is a process by which a coherent events (Reflection signal) are enhanced and incoherent events (Wind noise) are attenuated.

Before Coherency

After Coherency