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
 General Applications of
BUOYANCY & 

 S.B.ROSHAN TAARA
 BTE07037
 Buoyancy – why things
float

TITANIC

 The trick is to keep the water on the outside of the

ship, and
 to avoid hitting icebergs (which also float), and
 are easy to miss since 90 % of it is submerged.
 Buoyant Force
Pressure increases with depth

submerged object
that has a mass
PTop A density ρO

F=P⋅ A
h

The density of the

PBottom A W water is ρW
Archimedes’ Principle
 PBottom A > PTop A

 A buoyant force FB equal

to the weight of
FB displaced water is
W
exerted on a submerged
object.
 The object sinks to the level
where FB = W
 Archimedes principle
The buoyant force on an object in
a fluid equals the weight of the
fluid which it displaces.
– this works for objects in water
– helium balloons (density of He = 0.18 kg/m3,
about 7 times less dense than air)
– hot air balloons  the density of
hot air is lower than the density of cool
air so the weight of the cool air that is
displaced is higher than the weight
of the balloon
 Will it float?
 The buoyant force is always there whether the
object floats or not
 The object will float if the buoyant force is
enough to support the object’s weight
 The object will displace just enough water so
that the buoyant force = its weight
 If it displaces as much water as possible and
this does not match its weight, it will sink.
 Objects that have a density less than water
will always float- when fully submerged, they
weigh less than the water, so the water
supports them
 Floating objects
lighter object heavier object too heavy

The weight of displaced

water is less than the
weight of the object
 Oil Tankers

empty full
tanker tanker
Floating in
a
cup of
water

Only a thin layer of

water around the hull
is needed for the ship
to float!
Why does ice
float?

 Water, the most plentiful substance

on earth is also one of the most
unusual in its behavior in that it
expands when it freezes.
 Since it expands the density of ice is
slightly less than the density of
water. Hence the ice floats in water.
 Place your bets!
When the ice cube melts will:
ice cube 1)the water spill out, or
2)the water level stay the same, or
3)the level go down ????????

Answer: The level stays the same.

Ice is less dense than water, so that
the volume occupied by the ice is
exactly big enough to hold the
volume of melted water that was
not submerged!
Fluid Flow
 The physics of fluid
flow was worked out
by Daniel Bernoulli
 He was born in
Switzerland in 1700
 He was one of 5
brothers and came
from a large family of
mathematicians and
scientists.
fluid flow example – leaky cup
Pressure increases
with depth, so the
speed of water leaking
from the bottom hole is
larger than that from the
higher ones.
How do we measure fluid
flow?
We see how much comes out in

some time interval
 Time how long it takes to fill the
bucket, say 30 seconds
 the flow rate is then 1 bucket
say per 30 seconds
 in other words volume per
unit time
 gallons per min (gpm), liters/s,
cubic feet per min (cfm), gpf,
or m3/s  volume flow rate
What makes water flow?
 gravity
 by placing the
water up high the
pressure at the
bottom is high
enough to supply
water to all parts of
town that are lower
than the tower
Pressure differences

P2 P1

a pressure difference must be established

across the ends of the pipe to push the water
along.  P2 must be greater than P1

This pressure difference can be set up by

a water pump.
 Water does not
disappear!
 If water goes in one end of a pipe it must
come out the other end (if there are no leaks
of course. Sounds obvious, but it has a
number of interesting consequences!

This applies to pipes that have constrictions also.

v1, A1 v2, A2
 Continuity of flow
 since whatever goes in must come out
we have that the incoming flow rate –
outgoing flow rate or
 v 1 A1 = v 2 A2
 thus the fluid in the narrow part of the
tube must flow FASTER than the fluid on
the left.
 Cardiologists use this to determine if
arteries might be clogged..
Other examples - the nozzle
effect
 you use this
principle whenever
you hold your
finger over the end
of the hose to
make the water
spray farther.
 An amazing thing about
moving fluids
 The pressure in a moving fluid is
less than the pressure in a fluid at
rest!  this is Bernoulli's
principle.
 Where a fluid moves faster its pressure
is lower, where it moves slower, its
pressure is higher.
 As we see, this is the principle that
makes airplanes work.
The Venturi Meter
Bernoulli applies roof
wind
to household
plumbing too! air vent

When the wind is

really blowing, watch
the water level in the
toilet go up and down

sewer
Prairie dogs know how to
use
Bernoulli's principle
“atomizers”
 fine droplets of
liquid (not atoms)
are sprayed from
this device using
the Bernoulli effect
Hot air balloon
 The ideal gas law tells
us that when a gas is
heated, its density goes
down
 so the air density inside
the balloon is less than
the density of cold air
on the outside.
 The cold air exerts an
upward buoyant force
on the balloon.
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