2ch02 Lecture

Brock Biology of Microorganisms
Twelfth Edition
Madigan / Martinko Dunlap / Clark
Chapter 2
A Brief Journey to the Microbial World
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure 2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells 2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
All microbial cells have the following in common:

Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
Figure 2.11a
Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell
Figure 2.11b

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus Cells are generally larger and more complex Contain organelles
Prokaryotes
No membrane-enclosed organelles No nucleus Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells
Figure 2.12a and b
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells
Figure 2.12c
Viruses
Not considered cells No metabolic abilities of their own
Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected

cell Infect all types of cells Smallest virus is 10 nm in diameter
Virus Structure and Size Comparison of Viruses and Cells
Figure 2.13
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

Genome
A cells full complement of genes

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA
molecule called a chromosome

DNA aggregates to form the nucleoid region Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids that confer special properties ( i.e., antibiotic resistance)

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the nucleus
Associated with proteins that help in folding of the DNA Usually have more than one chromosome
Typically have two copies of each chromosome
The Nucleoid
[Insert Fig. 2.14]
Figure 2.14

Escherichia coli Genome
4.68 million base pairs
4,300 genes
1,900 different kinds of protein 2.4 million protein molecules
Human Cell
1,000X more DNA per cell than E. coli 7X more genes than E. coli
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life

Evolution
The process of change in a line of descent over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic information (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) in the different specimens Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are excellent molecules for determining phylogeny Can visualize relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene Sequencing and Phylogeny
Figure 2.16

Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three
distinct lineages of cells called domains.
Bacteria (prokaryotic) Archaea (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic)
Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related.

Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria.

Eukaryotic microorganisms were the ancestors of multicellular organisms Mitochondria and chloroplasts also contain their own genomes (circular, like prokaryotes) and ribosomes
These organelles are ancestors of specific lineages of
Bacteria Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya
eons ago
This arrangement is known as endosymbiosis
The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Figure 2.17
III. Microbial Diversity
2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 2.9 Bacteria 2.10 Archaea
2.11 Eukaryotic Microorganisms
2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

The phylogenetic diversity we see in microbial cells is the product of almost 4 billion years of evolution Microorganisms also have a tremendous amount of metabolic diversity Microorganisms have exploited every conceivable means of making a living consistent with the laws of
chemistry and physics
Chemoorganotrophs
Obtain their energy from the oxidation of organic molecules
Chemolithotrophs
Obtain their energy from the oxidation or inorganic molecules Process found only in prokaryotes

Phototrophs
Contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source
Oxygenic photosynthesis produces oxygen

Anoxygenic photosynthesis does not produce oxygen

All cells require carbon as a major nutrient
Autotrophs
Use carbon dioxide as their carbon source
Sometimes referred to as primary producers
Heterotrophs Require one or more organic molecules for their carbon

source Feed directly on autotrophs or live off products produced by autotrophs
Metabolic Options for Conserving Energy
Figure 2.18
Organisms that inhabit extreme environments are called extremophiles Habitats include boiling hot springs, glaciers, extremely
salty bodies of water, and high pH environments
Classes and Examples of Extremophiles
[Insert Table 2.1]
2.9 Bacteria
The domain Bacteria contains an enormous variety of prokaryotes All known pathogenic prokaryotes are Bacteria The Proteobacteria make up the largest division of Bacteria.
Gram-negative
E.G., E. coli, Pseudomonas and Salmonella Cyanobacteria are relatives of gram-positive bacteria Critical to the evolution of life; they oxygenated the Earths atmosphere
Phylogenetic Tree of Bacteria
Figure 2.19
Phototrophic and Chemolithotrophic Proteobacteria
Figure 2.20
Gram-positive Bacteria
Figure 2.21
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Figure 2.22
2.9 Bacteria
Many Other Phyla of Bacteria

Green sulfur bacteria and green nonsulfur bacteria are
photosynthetic
Deinococcus are extremely resistant to radioactivity Chlamydia are obligate intracelluar parasites
Phototrophic Green Bacteria
Figure 2.25
Radiation Resistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans
Figure 2.26
2.10 Archaea
Two Phyla of the Domain Archaea
Euryarchaeota
Methanogens: anaerobically degrade organic matter, produce methane (natural gas) Extreme halophiles: require high salt concentrations for metabolism and reproduction
Thermoacidophiles: grow in moderately high

temperatures and low pH environments
2.10 Archaea
Crenarchaeota
Vast majority of cultured Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophiles
Some live in marine, freshwater, and soil systems
Phylogenetic Tree of Archaea
Figure 2.28
2.11 Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known as protists
Major groups of protists are algae, fungi, protozoa, and
slime molds Some protists, such as the algae, are phototrophic Algae and fungi have cell walls whereas protozoa do not Lichens are an example of a mutualistic relationship
between two groups of protists

Fungi and cyanobacteria Fungi and algae
Phylogenetic Tree of Eukarya
Figure 2.32
Microbial Eukarya: Algae
Figure 2.33a
Microbial Eukarya: Fungi
Figure 2.33b
Microbial Eukarya: Protozoa
Figure 2.33c
Lichens
Figure 2.34

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Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Madigan / Martinko Dunlap / Clark

II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

All microbial cells have the following in common:

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells

Figure 2.12a and b

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Virus Structure and Size Comparison of Viruses and Cells

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

A cells full complement of genes

molecule called a chromosome

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

Typically have two copies of each chromosome

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

[Insert Fig. 2.14]

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene Sequencing and Phylogeny

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life

Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related.

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

III. Microbial Diversity

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 2.9 Bacteria 2.10 Archaea

2.11 Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

chemistry and physics

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

Oxygenic photosynthesis produces oxygen

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

Heterotrophs Require one or more organic molecules for their carbon

Metabolic Options for Conserving Energy

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2.8 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms

salty bodies of water, and high pH environments

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classes and Examples of Extremophiles

[Insert Table 2.1]