7ch20 Lecture

Brock Biology of Microorganisms
Twelfth Edition
Madigan / Martinko Dunlap / Clark
Chapter 20
Metabolic Diversity: Phototrophy, Autotrophy, Chemolithotrophy, and Nitrogen Fixation
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
I. The Phototrophic Way of Life
20.1 Photosynthesis 20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls 20.3 Carotenoids and Phycobilins
20.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

20.5 Oxygenic Photosynthesis
20.1 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the most important biological process
on Earth
Phototrophs are organisms that carry out photosynthesis
Most phototrophs are also autotrophs
Photosynthesis requires light-sensitive pigments called chlorophyll
Photoautotrophy requires ATP production and CO2

reduction Oxidation of H2O produces O2 (oxygenic photosynthesis) Oxygen not produced (anoxygenic photosynsthesis)
Patterns of Photosynthesis
Figure 20.2
Patterns of Photosynthesis
Figure 20.2
20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls

Organisms must produce some form of chlorophyll (or bacteriochlorophyll) to be photosynthetic Chlorophyll is a porphyrin
Number of different types of chlorophyll exist

Different chlorophylls have different absorption spectra
Chlorophyll pigments are located within special
membranes
In eukaryotes, called thylakoids In prokaryotes, pigments are integrated into cytoplasmic
membrane
Structure and Spectra of Chloro- and Bacteriochlorophyll
Figure 20.3a
Structure and Spectra of Chloro- and Bacteriochlorophyll
Absorption Spectrum
Figure 20.3b
Structure of All Known Bacteriochlorophylls
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.4
Figure 20.4
Photomicrograph of Algal Cell Showing Chloroplasts
Figure 20.5a
Chloroplast Structure
Figure 20.5b
20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls

Reaction centers participate directly in the conversion
of light energy to ATP

Antenna pigments funnel light energy to reaction centers Chlorosomes function as massive antenna complexes
Found in green sulfur bacteria
The Chlorosome of Green Sulfur and Nonsulfur Bacteria
Electron Micrograph of Cell of Green Sulfur Bacterium
Figure 20.7
The Chlorosome of Green Sulfur and Nonsulfur Bacteria
Model of Chromosome Structure

Figure 20.7
20.3 Carotenoids and Phycobilins

Phototrophic organisms have accessory pigments in
addition to chlorophyll, including carotenoids and phycobiliproteins Carotenoids
Always found in phototrophic organisms Typically yellow, red, brown, or green Energy absorbed by carotenoids can be transferred to a reaction center
Prevent photo-oxidative damage to cells

Structures of Some Common Carotenoids
Figure 20.9
Absorption Spectrum with an Accessory Pigment
Figure 20.11
20.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Anoxygenic photosynthesis is found in at least four phyla of Bacteria Electron transport reactions occur in the reaction
center of anoxygenic phototrophs

Reducing power for CO2 fixation comes from reductants present in the environment (i.e., H2S, Fe2+, or NO2-)
Requires reverse electron transport for NADH production in purple phototrophs
Example of Electron Flow in Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Figure 20.14
Electron Flow in Purple, Green, Sulfur and Heliobacteria
Figure 20.18
20.5 Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic phototrophs use light to generate ATP and NADPH The two light reactions are called photosystem I and
photosystem II
Z scheme of photosynthesis
Photosystem II transfers energy to photosystem I
ATP can also be produced by cyclic photophosphorylation
The Z scheme in Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Figure 20.19
II. Autotrophy
20.6 The Calvin Cycle 20.7 Other Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophs
20.6 The Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle
Named for its discoverer Melvin Calvin Fixes CO2 into cellular material for autotrophic growth
Requires NADPH, ATP, ribulose bisphophate

carboxylase (RubisCO), and phosphoribulokinase 6 molecules of CO2 are required to make 1 molecule of glucose
The Calvin Cycle
Figure 20.22
20.7 Other Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophs

Green sulfur bacteria use the reverse citric acid cycle
to fix CO2
Green nonsulfur bacteria use the hydroxyproprionate pathway to fix CO2
Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophic Green Bacteria
Figure 20.24a
Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophic Green Bacteria
Figure 20.24b
III. Chemolithotrophy
20.8 20.9
The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy Hydrogen Oxidation
20.10 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds
20.11 Iron Oxidation

20.12 Nitrification
20.13 Anammox
20.8 The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy

Chemolithotrophs are organisms that obtain energy
from the oxidation of inorganic compounds

Many sources of reduced molecules exist in the environment
The oxidation of different reduced compounds yields

varying amounts of energy
Energy Yields from Oxidation of Inorganic Electron Donors
20.9 Hydrogen Oxidation

Anaerobic H2 oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea are
known
Catalyzed by hydrogenase In the presence of organic compounds such as glucose, synthesis of Calvin cycle and hydrogenase enzymes is repressed
Two Hydrogenases of Aerobic H2 Bacteria
Figure 20.25
20.10 Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds

Many reduced sulfur compounds are used as electron donors
Discovered by Sergei Winogradsky H2S, S0, S2O3- are commonly used One product of sulfur oxidation is H+, which results in a lowering of the pH of its surroundings Sox system oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds directly to sulfate Usually aerobic, but some organisms can use nitrate as an
electron acceptor
Sulfur Bacteria
Figure 20.26
Oxidation of Reduced Sulfur Compounds
Steps in the Oxidation of Different Compounds
Figure 20.27a

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+)
Ferric hydroxide precipitates in water in the presence of O2 at neutral pH Many Fe oxidizers can grow at pH <1
Often associated with acidic pollution from coal mining activities ** Ferrous iron (Fe2+) is only available in anaerobic conditions or aerobically at acid pH

Some anoxygenic phototrophs can oxidize Fe2+
anaerobically using Fe2+ as an electron donor for CO2 reduction
Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
Acid Mine Drainage
Figure 20.28
20.12 Nitrification
NH3 and NO2- are oxidized by nitrifying bacteria during the
process of nitrification Two groups of bacteria work in concert to fully oxidize ammonia to nitrate
NH3 > NO2- by Nitrosomonas sp. NO2- > NO3 by Nitrobacter sp.
20.12 Nitrification
Key enzymes are ammonia monooxygenase,
hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, and nitrite oxidoreductase
Only small energy yields from this reaction

Growth of nitrifying bacteria is very slow
20.13 Anammox
Anammox: anoxic ammonia oxidation
Performed by unusual group of obligate aerobes

Anammoxosome is compartment where anammox reactions occur
Protects cell from reactions occuring during anammox Hydrazine is an intermediate of anammox
Anammox is very beneficial in the treatment of sewage

and wastewater
IV. Nitrogen Fixation
20.14 Nitrogenase and Nitrogen Fixation 20.15 Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation
Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow
Nitrogen fixation N2
NH3
Process in which nitrogen gas is reduced to form ammonia Ammonia can be incorporated into cellular material Animals rely on prokaryotes to convert nitrogen gas to a form that can be assimilated to create biomass Nitrogenase mediates nitrogen fixation Enzyme complex is readily inactivated by oxygen Nitrogen fixing microbes called diazotrophs must have mechanism to protect nitrogenase complex from oxygen exposure
20.14 Nitrogenase and Nitrogen Fixation

Only certain prokaryotes can fix nitrogen
Reaction is catalyzed by nitrogenase
Sensitive to the presence of oxygen
A wide variety of nitrogenases use different metal

cofactors Nitrogenase activity can be assayed using the acetylene reduction assay
N2 Fixing Bacteria
May be free living or form symbiotic associations with higher
organisms particularly plants
May be aerobic or anaerobic,
May be autotrophic or heterotrophic
N2 Fixation in Aerobic Environments

Cyanobacteria form heterocysts
Some aerobic bacteria produce capsule
Other aerobic bacteria have a high metabolic rate that consumes O2 near the cytoplasmic membrane
FeMo-co, the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor from Nitrogenase
Figure 20.35
Nitrogenase Function
Figure 20.36
Induction of Slime Formation by O2 in Nitrogen-Fixing Cells
Figure 20.37
The Acetylene Reduction Assay for Nitrogenase Activity
Figure 20.39
20.15 Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation

Highly regulated process because it is such an energy-
demanding process
nif regulon coordinates regulation of genes essential to nitrogen fixation Oxygen and ammonia are the two main regulatory effectors

7ch20 Lecture

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

7ch20 Lecture

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brock Biology of Microorganisms

Madigan / Martinko Dunlap / Clark

I. The Phototrophic Way of Life

20.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Most phototrophs are also autotrophs

Photosynthesis requires light-sensitive pigments called chlorophyll

Photoautotrophy requires ATP production and CO2

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls

Number of different types of chlorophyll exist

Chlorophyll pigments are located within special

Structure and Spectra of Chloro- and Bacteriochlorophyll

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Structure and Spectra of Chloro- and Bacteriochlorophyll

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Structure of All Known Bacteriochlorophylls

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Structure of All Known Bacteriochlorophylls

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Structure of All Known Bacteriochlorophylls

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Photomicrograph of Algal Cell Showing Chloroplasts

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls

of light energy to ATP

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Chlorosome of Green Sulfur and Nonsulfur Bacteria

Electron Micrograph of Cell of Green Sulfur Bacterium

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Chlorosome of Green Sulfur and Nonsulfur Bacteria

Model of Chromosome Structure

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.3 Carotenoids and Phycobilins

Prevent photo-oxidative damage to cells

Structures of Some Common Carotenoids

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Absorption Spectrum with an Accessory Pigment

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

center of anoxygenic phototrophs

Example of Electron Flow in Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Electron Flow in Purple, Green, Sulfur and Heliobacteria

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.5 Oxygenic Photosynthesis

ATP can also be produced by cyclic photophosphorylation

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Z scheme in Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.6 The Calvin Cycle 20.7 Other Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophs

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.6 The Calvin Cycle

Requires NADPH, ATP, ribulose bisphophate

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Calvin Cycle

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20.7 Other Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophs

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophic Green Bacteria

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Autotrophic Pathways in Phototrophic Green Bacteria