Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 35
Vectorborne and Soilborne Microbial Diseases
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
I. Animal-Transmitted Diseases
35.1 Rabies Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies aka Mad Cow 35.2 Hantavirus Syndrome
Francisella
Brucella
I. Animal-Transmitted Diseases
Zoonosis
An animal disease that is transmissible to humans Generally transmitted via direct contact, aerosols, or bites
35.1 Rabies
Rabies
Occurs primarily as an epizootic disease in animals but
can be spread as a zoonotic disease to humans Some reservoirs in the U.S. are skunks, coyotes, and bats Over 50,000 people die annually, primarily in developing countries Over 1,000,000 people receive post-exposure prophylactic care each year
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Rabies
Epidemiology
Widespread in wild animals
5,000 cases reported annually in United States
Rabies
Causative agent
Rabies virus
Member of rhabdovirus family Sticking bullet shape Enveloped, single-stranded RNA genome
Pathogenesis
Mode of transmission primarily via saliva of rabid animal
Usually due to bite or abrasion Can be contacted via inhalation
Virus multiples in muscle cells at site of infection Virus reaches brain via infected nerve
Virus multiplies extensively in brain Negri bodies form at sites of replication
35.1 Rabies
Rhabdovirus
A negative-strand RNA virus that causes rabies Infects cells in the central nervous system in most warm-blooded animals Leads to death if not treated Enters the body through a wound or bite In humans, 9 months may pass before onset of symptoms Virus proliferates in the brain and leads to fever, excitation, dilation of the pupils, excessive salivation, and anxiety, fear of swallowing
35.1 Rabies
Rabies is diagnosed in the lab using tissue samples
Rabies spread is prevented largely through immunization Rabies treatment strategy has been extremely successful in
the U.S.
Less than 3 cases a year are reported
Rabies Virus
Figure 35.2
Main characteristics
Increase in quantity during incubation period Resist inactivation via UV and ionizing radiation Resist inactivation by formaldehyde and heat Not readily destroyed by proteases Not destroyed by nucleases Much smaller than smallest virus Composed of protein coded by normal cellular gene
Modified after transcription
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Named for Hantaan, Korea, where the virus was first recognized for being a human pathogen Significant outbreaks have occurred in the U.S.
Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico in 1993
Pathogenesis
Causes ulcer at entry sight Lymphatic vessels carry organism to regional lymph nodes
Become large, tender and filled with pus
Spread to other body sites via lymphatics and blood vessels Pneumonia occurs in 10% -15% of lung infections
Mortality rate as high as 30%
Multiplies within phagocytes Cell mediated immunity responsible for ridding infection
90% of infected individuals survive in the absence of treatment
Epidemiology Occurs among wild animals in Northern Hemisphere In eastern U.S. most infections occur in winter Result from skinning hunted rabbits In western U.S. infections increase in summer Due to bites from fleas and ticks Other reservoirs for infection include Muskrats, beavers, squirrels, and deer
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Prevention and Treatment Pasteurization most important control measure Inspection of domestic animals Protective eyewear and gloves when working with animals or animal carcass Attenuated vaccine controls disease in domestic animals Tetracycline combined with rifampin used for treatment Treatment usually given for 6 weeks
Ehrlichiosis Group
Emerging diseases in this group are HGA and HME, which are spread by tick bites
Prompt recognition of these diseases is essential, but remains difficult Treatment with antibiotics is usually successful Avoiding hosts or using insect repellants are your best bet for reducing your chances of exposure
Figure 35.4
Figure 35.5
Figure 35.6a-b
Figure 35.6c
Figure 35.7
animals
Named for Old Lyme, CT, where cases were first recognized Most prevalent tickborne disease in the U.S.
reservoirs
Also identified in Europe and Asia
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Causative Agent
Bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi Large microaerophilic spirochete
Lyme Disease
Epidemiology Disease is zoonotic - transmitted by ticks
Lyme Disease
Symptoms First Stage Characterized by erythema migrans (skin rash) and enlargement of lymph nodes Rash begins as small red spot at the site of a tick bite and slowly enlarges
Lyme Disease
Symptoms
Second Stage
Begin 2 to 8 weeks post rash Involve heart and nervous system
Electrical conduction to heart is impaired
Nervous system involvement leads to paralysis of facial muscles and impaired concentration and emotional instability
Lyme Disease
Symptoms
Third Stage
Characterized by arthritis
Ususally of the large joints such as the knee
Lyme Disease
Pathogenesis Bacteria introduced into skin through bite of infected tick Once in skin, bacteria migrate outward in radial fashion Cause inflammatory reaction in the skin Migration and inflammation produces an expanding rash Host immunity is initially suppressed Allows for continued multiplication of bacteria Bacteria enter bloodstream and circulate to other parts of the body Bacteria do not cross the placenta
Lyme Disease
Prevention and Treatment Prevention measures same as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Antibiotics relatively effective in early stage disease Less effective in late disease
Figure 35.8
Figure 35.9
Figure 35.10a
Figure 35.10b
Figure 35.11
35.5 Malaria
Malaria
A protist disease caused by Plasmodium spp. Has a complex life cycle that includes Anopheles mosquitos as vectors
35.5 Malaria
Prophylaxis for travel to endemic areas is recommended
Malaria
Symptoms Includes fever, headache and pain in the joints and muscles Generally begin 2 weeks post infection Transmission via bite of infected mosquito Symptom pattern changes after 2 to 3 weeks Fall into three categories Cold phase abruptly feels cold and develops shaking Hot phase follows cold phase Temperature rises steeply reaching 104F Wet phase follows hot phase temperature falls and drenching sweat occurs
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Malaria
Causative agent
Human malaria caused by four species of protozoan Plasmodium
P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malatiae, P. ovale
Malaria
Epidemiology Once common in both temperate and tropical areas Now disease of tropical & sub-tropical lattitides Eliminated from continental U.S.
in late 1940s
Mosquitoes of genus Anopheles are biological vectors Infected mosquitoes and humans constitute reservoir
Malaria
Prevention and Treatment Treatment is complicated Due to different stages of mosquito life cycle Chloroquine
Figure 35.12
Plasmodium falciparum
Figure 35.13
Figure 35.14a
Figure 35.14b
Figure 35.15a
Figure 35.15b
35.7 Plague
Pandemic plague has caused more human deaths than any other infectious disease except for malaria and tuberculosis
Caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative facultatively aerobic rod-shaped bacterium Disease of domestic and wild rodents Humans are accidental hosts and are not critical for maintenance of the disease
35.7 Plague
Most cases in the U.S. occur in the southwestern states Y. pestis produces virulence factors that contribute to the disease process Plague is also called bubonic plague because of the
Plague Doctor
Epidemiology Endemic on burrowing rodent populations in all continents except Australia Prairie dogs, chipmunks, gophers, rock squirrels and their fleas are main reservoir Endemic in rodent reservoir in SW US
Prevention and Treatment Prevention directed by rat control Killed vaccine gives short-term partial protection Treatment via tetracycline for some exposed individuals to control epidemics
Figure 35.16a
Figure 35.16b
Figure 35.16c
Figure 35.17
Fungal infections can be especially serious in individuals with impaired immune systems (i.e., AIDS patients) or those taking immunosuppressive drugs
Yeast
Moulds
Figure 35.18
Figure 35.20
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcus neoformans - Encapsulated budding yeast
Cryptococcus gattii
Causative Agent
Coccidioides immitis
Dimorphic fungus
Mold form grows in soil
Hyphae develop barrel-shaped
include
Formation of tender nodules and pain in joints
arthrospores
Spores become airborne
Coccidiomycosis
Pathogenesis
Arthrospores enter lung through inhalation
Develop into thick-walled spores
Spores mature and rupture
Small percentage of individuals suffer tissue necrosis Rarely, organisms can be carried out through circulation to other parts of the body
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Coccidiomycosis
Epidemiology Grows only in semi-arid climates Calif central valley, SE Calif, AZ, NM, TX Infections occur only in hot, dry dusty, seasons Dust stirred up by earthquakes can lead to epidemics Rainfall promotes growth of fungus This produces increased numbers of spores Infection can occur by traveling through endemic areas
Coccidiomycosis
Prevention and Treatment Prevention directed to avoidance of dust endemic areas Watering and planting aid in dust control Rx includes amphotericin B and fluconazole
Treatment is prolonged
Antifungals cause troublesome side effects
Histoplasmosis
Symptoms
Most infections asymptomatic Symptomatic disease demonstrates
Fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, mouth sores
Causative Agent
Histoplasma capsulatum
Dimorphic fungus Prefers to grow in soils contaminated with bird and bat droppings Yeast form grown in human macrophages Mold form produces spores
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Histoplasmosis
Pathogenesis Infectious conidia are inhaled with dust Develop yeast form in lung Granulomas form in infected lung tissue
Some calcify
In underlying immunodeficiency disease spreads throughout body
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Histoplasmosis
Epidemiology
Disease occurs in tropical areas and temperate zones Cave explorers and spelunkers at highest risk Most cases in United States occur in Mississippi and Ohio River drainage and in South Atlantic states
35.9 Tetanus
Tetanus is a serious, often life-threatening disease
Caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani Natural reservoir is soils C. tetani gain access to the body through a soilcontaminated wound
35.9 Tetanus
Tetanus is a serious, often life-threatening disease
Result of C. tetani infection on people is lockjaw, resulting from a rigid paralysis or contraction of the muscles Rx is antitoxin to neutralize exotoxin
completely effective
Inadequately immunized individuals are at risk
Figure 35.21