Liquids

Water pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes Principle, Floatation, and Pascals Principle

Fluids
Molecules are not confined to fixed

positions as they are in a solid, so they have the ability to flow !wo "inds#

Liquids# $hapter %& 'ases# $hapter %(

P )(*

Gen. 1:1-10 vs 9 Then God said Let the waters below the heavens be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appear and it was so. vs 10 !nd God called the dry land earth, and the gathering o" the waters #e called seas and God saw that it was good. Gen. 1:$% &sa. 11':1(

Pressure
Pressure + % -,m)

F force,area# P = A

N/m2

+ % Pascal +% Pa % Pascal is a very small pressure

&ress,re vs. 1orce

Fi. %& %

)hich bric* e+erts the greater press,re on the table top.They have the sa/e weight0

/ensity and Wei.ht /ensity

2ensity:

a/o,nt o" /ass in a given vol,/e. 3ass4vol,/e m D = 6 5nits: *g4/ V

1-/6 o" water has a /ass o" 1000-*g.

)eight 2ensity:

weight o" the /ass in a

given vol,/e.

)eight4vol,/e 5nits: 74/6 1-/6 o" water has a weight ./g0 o" abo,t 10,000-7

W d= V

Liquid Pressure
8ince li9,ids .water0 are al/ost

inco/pressible, the density does not change appreciably with depth o" li9,id. Li9,id press,re : weight density + depth

P = d wh
7ote: "or now we will ignore the e""ect o" air

press,re total press,re incl,des air press,re, so it is the s,/ o" the li9,id press,re and the at/ospheric press,re.

Liquid Pressure
Li9,id press,re :

weight density + depth

;" a diver swi/s to a depth o" 10 /, what will

the press,re be on hi/4her at that depth-

P = d wh

Liquid Pressure
& : 10,000 74/6

+ 10 /

P = d wh

: 100,000

Liquid Pressure
& : 10,000 74/6

+ 10 /

P = d wh

: 100,000 74/$ )hat i" we decide not to ignore the e""ect o" air press,re- #ow does this change o,r answer-

Liquid Pressure
& : 10,000 74/6

+ 10 /

P = d wh

: 100,000 74/$ !ir press,re : 1 at/osphere 1 at/osphere : 100,000 74/$ Total press,re on the diver : 100,000 < 100,000 74/$

Liquid Pressure Facts

Depth is what matters

0not volume1

0text p )&23)&%1 4xamples# /ams5 pressure in the ocean vs pressure in a swimmin. pool or lar.e shallow la"e vs small deep pool Pressure is equal in all directions Pressure is always at ri.ht an.les to the surface on which pressure is exerted

7 of 43 : 13-04Figure_FIG.jpg

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100 Kb 800 X 323 Pixels

2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishin as

!ddison "esle#

p = hd

)hat "eat,re o" the railroad water tan* de/onstrates that the water press,re in the tan* increases with depth-

Fi. %& 7

6>egardless

o" container shape, li9,id press,re is the

sa/e "or any given depth. .&ress,re is depth dependent, not vol,/e dependent.0 6)ater see*s its own level.

Li9,id

press,re is e+erted e9,ally in all directions.

F=p A

1orces

o" a li9,id pressing against a s,r"ace add ,p to a net "orce that is perpendic,lar to the s,r"ace.

Fi. %& 8

1:p+ !

Fi. %& 9

:uoyancy
$onsequence of the pressure increasin.

with depth ;ee fi.ure %& * -ote# a completely submer.ed ob<ect displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume

-ote# Not equal to its own wei.ht= 0Why>1

17 of 43 : 13-09Figure_FIG.jpg

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6&ress,re and th,s the "orce on the botto/

o" s,b/erged stone is greater than on top. 6>es,lt is an ,pward b,oyant "orce.

Fi. %& %2

1ig. 16.11

;ncrease in water level is the sa/e as i" yo, po,red in a vol,/e o" water e9,al to the stone?s vol,/e.

!rchi/edes? &rinciple
An immersed object is buoyed up by a

force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Note: Not equal to the objects weight (Why?

;//ersed:

co/pletely or partially s,b/erged.

Fi. %& %&

!pparent weight o" an ob@ect in a li9,id is the weight o" the ob@ect in air /in,s the b,oyant "orce.

The di""erence in the ,pward "orce acting on the s,b/erged bloc* is the sa/e at any depth.

1ig. 16.1A

$hec" ?uestion#
!wo solid bloc"s of identical si@e are

submer.ed in water one is lead and the other is aluminum Apon which is the buoyant force .reater>
Ans#

:uoyant force is the same on each, since the volumes are the same

Bey to buoyancy#
Loo" at the wei.ht of the liquid displaced,

not the wei.ht of the ob<ect

Cow does the buoyant force compare to the ob<ects wei.ht> ;hape of ob<ect does not matter, only volume

1loating Bb@ects

)hen an ob@ect is "loating, it is in e9,ilibri,/ its weight is balanced by the b,oyant "orce. For a solid object, this will occur if the density of the object is less than the The weight o" the wood is added density of the liquid. to the scale reading b,t the weight o" the water displaced is re/oved "ro/ the scale reading. The scale reading doesn?t change The weight of the liquid displaced Fi. %& %9 is equal to the weight of the

1loating Bb@ects

)hen an ob@ect is "loating, it is in equilibrium its weight is balanced by the b,oyant "orce. For a solid object, this will occur if the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid. The vol,/e o" the wood below the water s,r"ace displaces the water in the c,p. The vol,/e o" water in the c,p is e9,al to the vol,/e o" wood ,nder the water s,r"ace. The volume of liquid displaced is less than the volume of the

1loating Bb@ects

)hen an ob@ect is "loating, it is in e9,ilibri,/ its weight is balanced by the b,oyant "orce. For a solid object, this will occur if the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid. The greater the li9,id density, the greater the vol,/e above the s,r"ace and the less the vol,/e below the s,r"ace. 8ince (0C o" the wood is below the water the density o" this wood is (0C o" water?s density. Fi. %& %9 density of water is 1000 kg m!"

1loating Bb@ects
)hen

an ob@ect s,ch as a ship is floating, it is also in equilibrium. !s with solid ob@ects, the b,oyant "orce on the ship is e9,al to the weight o" the ship. The str,ct,re o" the ship is high density, b,t since it is not solid the air between the sides allows a large vol,/e o" water to be displaced. The e+tra vol,/e provided by the air increases the b,oyant "orce b,t adds a neglible a/o,nt o" weight.
Fi. %& %D

1loating Bb@ects
!

1$00 lb boat is "loating in "resh water with $46 rd o" its vol,/e ,nder water. ;t then goes into salt water. 3ar* each o" the correct state/ents.
The boat is in equilibrium regardless of what it floats in.

$alt water is more dense than fresh water.

922 lb of fresh water is displaced by the boat !he buoyant force is lar.er in salt water than in fresh the boat displaces a lar.er volume of salt water than fresh the buoyant force in fresh water is %)22 lb the boat rides hi.her in salt water the boat displaces %)22 lb of salt water the wei.ht of the displaced salt water is .reater than the fresh The density of the salt water is greater, so the boat displaces a smaller volume of salt water than fresh. The increase in density and the decrease in volume work together to maintain the same buoyant force.

1loating Bb@ects
)hen )eight is added to a "loating ob@ect /ore water /,st be displaced to *eep the ob@ect in e9,ilibri,/ the ob@ect sin*s so/e.

1ig. 16.1D

! li"e preserver is light weight, not adding /,ch weight to a swi//er, b,t it is b,l*y adding vol,/e to the swi//er.

The e+tra vol,/e o" water displaced ;ncreases the b,oyant "orce eno,gh to *eep the swi//er a"loat.

 $hec" Eourself,

p )&9

A river bar.e loaded with .ravel approaches a low brid.e that it cannot quite pass under ;hould .ravel be removed from or added to the barge?

FFFPascals Principle

A chan.e Gn pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid

&ascal?s &rinciple
"ig. 16.$1 The press,re e+erted on piston ! is trans/itted ,ndi/inished thro,gho,t the "l,id and is the sa/e on piston E.

&ascal?s &rinciple
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A

The press,re applied to piston ! is trans/itted ,ndi/inished to piston E. 8ince 1 : &A, the "orce on ! is /,ltiplied '0 ti/es on piston E. .te+t p $6%0

&ascal?s &rinciple

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&ractical !pplication - #ydra,lics