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DESIGN CONDITIONS
SUCTION PIPING: DESIGN PRESSURE 0KG/CM2G, DESIGN TEMP:350C
1.OC:ASTM A106 G.B, THK: SCH: STD
DISCH PIPING: DESIGN PRESSURE 23.C KG/CM2G, DESIGN TEMP:55OC
MOC: ASTM AIO6 -B , THK : SCH:STD (0.375")
NOTE: 1. NO COLD SPRING SHALL BE APPLIED
2. FRICTION EFFECT AT SUPPORT TO BE IGNORED
3. INSTALLATION TEMP - 300C
C
O
M
P
C
O
M
P
ALLOWABLE FORCES AND MOMENTS ON
COMPRESSOR
DESIGN CONDITION
Installation Temperature : 30
0
C
Suction Temperature : 35
0
C
Discharge Temperature : 55
0
C
Inlet Piping
Fx = -11 kg
Fy = 266 kg
Fz = 52 kg
Mx = 292 kg.m
My = 104 kg.m
Mz = 94 kg.m
+Fy
+My
+Mx
+Mz
+Fz +Fx
Fr
Ibs
x
Fall
IPS
D Where
M D
Fall
ftIbs kgM Mr
Ibs kg
Fz Fy Fx Fr
>
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
= = + + =
= = + + =
+ + =
2921
3
2337 12 925
" 12
3
20 16
3
16
3
925
. 2337 91 . 323 94 104 292
. 597 26 . 271 52 ) 266 ( ) 11 (
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
Hence resultant force at compressor inlet is within safe limits
Discharge Piping
Fx = -34 kg
Fy = 274 kg
Fz = 133 kg
Mx = 55 kg.m
My = 184 kg.m
Mz = 50 kg.m
Fr
Ibs
x
Fall
IPS
D Where
M D
Fall
ftIbs kgM Mr
Ibs kg
Fz Fy Fx Fr
>
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
= = + + =
= = + + =
+ + =
3227
3
1419 12 925
" 12
3
20 16
3
16
3
925
. 1419 56 . 196 50 182 55
. 674 47 . 306 133 274 ) 34 (
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
Hence resultant force at compressor Discharge is within safe limits
SUCTION
DISCHARGE
1626
SUCTION
591
D
D
S
S
432
COMPRESSOR
DETAILS
+ Y
+ X
+ Z
274KG
266KG
S (591,-1626,-432)
1
6
2
6
DS
Force at the inlet connection are to be transferred along
with moments to discharge side to analyze for resultant
forces and moments. But the transfer of forced will give
additional transfer moments which are added to the total
to give resultant moments.
Moment vector at any point is given by the cross
product of the distance vector with force vector
ie. Mr = D x F
Here D = 0.591 i - 1.626 j - 0.432 k
F = -11 i - 266 j + 52 k
= i j k
0.591 -1.626 -0.432
-11 +266 +52
= 30.36 i + 25.98 j + 139.32 k
Hence,
MTX = 30.36 KG.M
MTY = 25.98 KG.M
MTZ = 139.32 KG.M
TOTAL FORCE AND MOMENTS AT
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE
CASE Fx(KG) Fy(KG) Fz(KG) Mx(KG.M) My(KG.M) Mz(KG.M)
Suction -11 266 52 292 104 94
Disch -34 274 133 133 182 50
Transfer - - - 120 26 139
TOTAL -45 540 185 455 312 283
Deq = Equivalent DIA. Of a circular opening equal
to total area of inlet and discharge
3
18
2
462
4474
. 05 . 620 283 312 455
1260
58 . 572 185 540 45
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
Deq
Dc where
Mc DC
All Fc
ftIbs
M KG
Mz My Mx Mc
Ibs
KG
Fz Fy Fx Fc
+
=
=
=
= + + =
+ + =
=
= + + =
+ + =
Ibs
x
Mc Dc
all Fc
in Dc
in
x
Deq
in Deq
in Area Total
in Area
SCH Pipe Outlet
IH
x Area
THK x D
SCH Pipe Inlet
17 . 1244
2
4474 07 . 15 462
2
462
07 . 15
3
22 . 27 18
22 . 27
4 08 . 582
08 . 582
4
08 . 582
04 . 291
20 " 20
04 . 291
25 . 19
4
" 375 . 0 0 " 20
20 " 20
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
t
t
t
Fc is marginally higher than
Fc all.
Approx.1.2%
Hence Forces (Total) on
compressor can be accepted
Individual component check
Allowable Remarks
Fy = 540 kg 231DC = 1582 kg Ok
Fx = 185 kg 92.5DC = 634 kg Ok
Fz = -45 kg 185 DC = 1267 kg Ok
My = 312 kgm 231 DC = 482 kg.m Ok
Mx = 283 kgm 462 DC = 964 kg.m Ok
Mz = 455 kgm 231 DC = 482 kg.m Ok
Conclusion
The routing is acceptable as the values of forces
and moments are within limits except the combined
resultant force which is only marginally higher.
3.4 Steam Turbines
NEMA SM 23 requires that the forces and
moments acting on steam turbines due to the steam inlet,
extraction, and exhaust connections should be evaluated
by simple set of force/moment calculation similar to
centrifugal compressors. These computations shall be
done as below.
1. The total resultant force and total resultant moment
imposed on the turbine at any connection should not
exceed the values calculated as per the following
equation.
500D - M
3 F + M < 500 D or F < 3
where,
F = Resultant force (lbs) including pressure forces
where unrestrained expansion joints are used at the
connection except on vertical exhausts. Full vacuum
load is allowed on vertical down exhaust flanges.
F = F
x
2
+ F
y
2
+ F
z
2
M = M
x
2
+ M
y
2
+ M
z
2
D = Nominal pipe size of the connection in inches up to
8 inches in diameter.
For sizes greater than this, use a value of
(16 + IPS)
Inches
D (in inches) =
3
1. The combined resultants of the forces and moments
of the inlet, extraction, and exhaust connections, resolved
at the centerline of the exhaust connection should not
exceed the following two conditions.
These resultants shall not exceed :
250 D
c
- M
c
F
c
=
2
where,
F
c
= Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and
exhaust forces, in lbs.
M
c
= Combined resultant of inlet, extraction, and
exhaust moments, and moments resulting from
forces, in ft lbs.
D
c
= Diameter (in inches) of a circular opening equal
to the total areas of the inlet, extraction, and
exhaust openings up to a value of nine inches in
diameter.
For values beyond this, use a value of D
c
(in inches)
equal to :
(18 + Equivalent diameter in inches)
3
The components of these resultants should not
exceed :
F
x
= 50 D
c
M
x
= 250 D
c
F
y
= 125D
c
M
y
= 125 D
c
F
z
= 100 D
c
M
z
= 125 D
c
The components are as follows :
F
x
= Horizontal components of F
c
parallel to the
turbine shaft.
F
y
= Vertical component of F
c
F
z
= Horizontal component of F
c
at right angles
to the turbine shaft.
M
x
= Component of M
c
around the horizontal
axis parallel to the turbine shaft
M
y
= Component of M
c
around the vertical axis
M
z
= Component of M
c
around the horizontal
axis at right angles to the turbine shaft.
3. For installation of turbines with a vertical exhaust and an
unrestrained expansion joint at the exhaust, an additional
amount of force caused by pressure loading is allowed. (This
additional force is perpendicular to the face of the exhaust
flange and is deemed to act at its centre), For this type of
application, calculate the vertical force component on the
exhaust connection excluding pressure loading. Compare this
with one sixth of the pressure loading on the exhaust.
Use the larger of these two numbers for vertical
force component on the exhaust connection in making
calculations outlined in 1 and The force caused by the
pressure loading on the exhaust is allowed in addition to
the values established by the foregoing up to a
maximum value of vertical force in pounds on the
exhaust connection (including pressure loading) of 15
times the exhaust area in square inches.
4. These values of allowable force and moment pertain
to the turbine structure only. They do not pertain to the
forces and moments in the connecting piping, flange,
and flange bolting, which should not exceed the
allowable stress as defined by applicable codes and
explanatory notes.
3.6 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
The American Petroleum Institute Standard 661
for Air Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery
Services covers the allowable loads on the vertical,
collinear nozzles found in most single multibundled air-
cooled heat Exchangers. API 661 has the following two
requirements.
3.6.1 Each nozzle in corroded condition shall be
capable of withstanding the following moments
and forces.
Nozzle size
Forces in lbs
Moments in ft lbs
NB In
Fx
Fy
Fz
Mx
My
Mz
1
100
150
100
50
70
50
2
150
200
150
70
120
70
3
150
250
300
200
300
200
4
500
400
500
400
600
400
6
750
750
600
800
1500
1050
8
1200
2000
950
1100
3000
1500
10
1500
2000
1000
1250
3000
2000
12
2000
2000
1250
1500
3000
2500
14
2500
2500
1500
1750
3500
3000
Table 3.2: Nozzle loading as per API 661
3.7 Shell & Tube Type Heat Exchangers
The designer has to set the limiting values or
to check the vessel connections for the nozzle loading
imposed by the connected piping.The rough guide
generally followed is :-
Resultant Maximum Force 200 lb./in NB of nozzle
Bending Moment Equivalent to bending stress in
standard schedule pipe between 4000 to 5000lbs./in
2
3.8 Fired Heaters
The limiting values for forces and moments
should be laid down by the manufacturer. Restrictions
are applied on nozzle rotations also in this case to take
care of the clearances between the tube and refractory
lining. The thumb rule used is :
Forces = 200 to 300 lb/in. nominal bore of nozzle
Moments - Equivalent to Sh/4
Nozzle Rotation - From 1/20 to 10
Nozzle
size NB
inch
Axial force
lbs
Shear force each
direction
Lbs.
Bending moment each
direction
lbs.
Twisting moment
ft-lbs
3
900
400
1300
1300
4
1100
500
2000
2000
6
1650
750
4300
4300
8
2200
1000
8000
8000
10
2750
1250
14500
12300
12
3300
1500
21000
17500
14
3850
1750
25000
21000
16
4400
2000
29000
27000
18
4950
2250
32500
32500
20
5500
2500
36000
36000
24
6600
3000
44000
44000
Table 3.3: Recommended Nozzle loading in Static Equipment
The local stress intensity at the nozzle connection due
to attachment of piping can be computed using the
welding research council bulletin 107 setting the
limitations as.
3.9.1 The local sustained stress intensity at the nozzle
connection should be less than 0.5 sm
3.9.2 The sum of local sustained stress intensity and the
local expansion stress intensity at the nozzle
connection must be less than 2 sm
DESIGN CASES TO BE CONSIDERED
1. NORMAL OPERATION
2. STEAM OUT
3. START-UP
4. CRASH SHUT-DOWN
5. ANY OTHER NEAR GOVERNING
CONDITIONS
4.0 Data required for flexibility calculations
The following data will be required for the
flexibility calculations if it is carried out manually or
by the use of software. It is therefore prudent to have
this ready before starting.
The direction of coordinates are fixed as below:
1. Code of Practice
2. Basic Material of Construction of Pipe
3. Ambient / Installation temperature
4. Number of Thermal Cases
5. Flexibility Temperature (See Note)
6. Design Pressure
7. Outside diameter of Pipe
8. Type of construction of pipe
9. Nominal Thickness of Pipe
10. Manufacturing tolerance
11. Corrosion allowance
12. Pipe Weight
13. Insulation Weight
14. Specific Gravity of Contents
15. Youngs Modulus at Ambient/Installation Temperature
16. Youngs Modulus at Flexibility Temperature
17. Thermal Expansion at Flexibility Temperature
18. Allowable stress at Ambient/ Installation temperature
19. Allowable stress at flexibility temperature
20. Bend radius and type of bend
21. Branch connection type
22. Weight of attachments - Valves and Specialties
23. Terminal movements with directions
CRITERIA
I. No specific thumb rule for the selection of pipelines
for flexibility analysis. The following guide lines can
be considered.
1. C. S Lines 2(50) NB having temperature
difference of 100C for hot & 60C for cold.
2. C S Lines 8(200) NB and S. S. lines 2(50) NB
having temperature difference 50C.
3. All lines of strain sensitive equipment
3.1>2 (50)NB < 8(200)NB - 50C difference
3.2>10 (250)NB
>
>
>
>
>
SE as close as possible to SA.
No safety factor. On SA & acceptable nozzle loading.
Weightage
Accepted Flex. Analysis 65%
Wt. Analysis 15%
Support selection 5%
Support Drawings/Vendor drawing Approvals 15%
5.1 Check As Per Clause 119.7.1/ 319.4.1 of the Code
Clause 119.7.1(A3)/ 319.4.1(c) specifies that no
formal analysis is required in systems which are of
uniform size, have no more than two points of fixation,
no intermediate restraints and fall within the empirical
equation.
where,
D = The outside diameter of pipe in inch (or mm)
Y = Resultant of total displacement strains in inch
(or mm) to be absorbed by the Piping system.
L = Developed length between the anchors in ft.or (m)
U = Anchor distance, straight line between anchors in
ft. or(m)
K1= 0.03 for USCS units.
= 208.3 for SI units.
1
) (
2
K
U L
DY
s
Pipe - 6" (150 mm NB) Sch. 40
carbon steel to ASTM A106 Gr.
Design Temperature - 400 F (204
0
C)
For example, consider the following pipe routing
Step 1:
To establish the anchor to anchor distance U
Total length in X direction = 35
Total length in Y direction = 30
Total length in Z direction = 25 + 20
= 45
' 42 . 64 45 30 35
z + y + x = U
2 2 2
2
2 2
= + + =
Step 2
To determine value of L.
Step 3
To calculate resultant total displacement Y
From Appendix C, ASME B 31.3
Linear Expansion between 70F and 400F.
ft. 110 = 45 + 30 + 35 = z + y x = L
+
1.739"
1.215 0.810 0.945
z y x Y
1.215"
100
45 2.7
z
0.810"
100
30 2.7
y
0.945"
100
35 2.7
x
ft. 100 / 2.7" e
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
+ + =
+ + =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
safe is ion configurat the K < K since
0.03
0.0055
64.42 110
1.739 6.625
U L
DY
K
1
2
2
(
=
=
=
Step 4
Please note that no general proof can be offered that
this equation will yield accurate and conservative
results. It is not applicable to systems used under
severe cyclic conditions. There is no assurance that
the terminal reactions will be acceptably low, even if
the system satisfies the above equation.
As per Elastic Theory,
f 48
DE
L
L 48
DE
f i.e.
2
D
2
L
L 144
EI
I
12
f
L 144
EI
P ng Substituti
2
D
2
L P
I
12
I
Y M 12
f
2
pipe of OD
Y
in lbs/
I
12 Y M
f stress bending Maximum
lbs. ft. M
L/2 P C or B at moment bending Maximum
above
L 144
EI
P
Hence,
EI
PL 144
=
L) 12 = l ( ft. in BC of length is L If
2
3
3
2
3
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
e.g. :- In the previous layout if we restrict the stress at
16,000 psi and consider modulus of elasticity of carbon
steel as 29.5 x 10
6
psi and assume the pipe size as 6" NB
(6.625" OD)
Expansion of piping between T1 and T2,
This indicates that the length BC should not be less
than 6.5 m.
m) ft.(4.54 .88 14
48 16000
87 . 0 29500000 6.625
48f
DE
L
mm) (22 .87" 0
=
=
=
=
In Fig.5.5 if the vessels are arranged in such a way
that AB and BC are equal and 10 M each, then the
stress developed can be calculated as;
l = AB = BC = 10 m = 394 inches
E = 29.5 x 10
6
lbs/ in
2
R = 6.625/2 inches
o = 1.73/2 inches
6 x 29.5 x l0
6
x 6.625 x 1.73
S
E
=
(394)
2
x 2 x 2
= 3267 psi
We can also calculate the stress developed in such a
system of known dimensions of leg BC by the same
method.
2
E
2
3
3
3
/ 6 ) f(S for Solving
/
/
/ 6 /
2 / 12 2 /
/ 12 ,
12 /
l ER
R I Z
Z I R
Z l EI Z M F
l EI PI M
l EI P hence
EI Pl
o
o
o
o
o
=
=
=
= =
= =
=
=
Where; R = Outer radius of pipe, inches
I = Moment of inertia of cross section, in
4
E = Modulus of elasticity,lbs/in
2
l = Length, inches
Quick Check Method
Min. ft
Min L = ft.
Where ;
Do = Outside diameter in inch. (to nearest )
T = Temp. difference F
(Design Temp. Instln. Temp.)
T D
h
o
2
) ( 400
LT D h
o
0025 . 0
2
=
Check previous Layout
' 7 . 15
280 50 7 0025 . 0
280 70 350
' 50
" 7 " 625 . 6
=
=
= =
=
= =
x x x h
T
L
D
o
5.3 Piping Elements - Their Individual Effects
STRAIGHT PIPE : FLEXIBILITY IN TORSION
If a bending moment M is applied to the end of a straight
piece of pipe, it behaves as a uniform beam and exhibits
change of slope from end to end, as given by the
expression.
Fig. 5.8
M = Bending Moment, in lbs (mm - N)
E = Youngs Modulus, lbs / in2 (Kpa)
I = Moment of Inertia, mm4
L = Length, inches (mm)
EI ML /
= u
radians Angle, = u
Where,
If the same pipe is subjected to a constant twisting
moment, the rotation of one end relative to the other
end is given by :
It can be shown that for metals
G = E / 2.6 and
J = 2 x I for circular cross section
Hence, T x L TL
u = = 1.3
E / 2.6 x 2I EI
)
4
mm (
4
in inertia, of moment Polar = J
) KPa (
2
lbs/in rigidity, of Modulus = G
(mm) inches Length, = L
N) - (mm lbs - in moment, Torsion = T
radians twist, of Angle =
where,
GJ
TL
=
This shows that flexibility can be provided in a layout
by permitting leg to bend or twist. This alone is a rare
means of obtaining flexibility. But influences the
engineer to select alternate route. Also it should be
ensured that this does not add unacceptable forces and
moments.
c
a
b
c
a
b
b
1
a
c
c
1
d
b
M L
u =
E I
Fig. 5.10
Fig. 5.11
Fig. 5.12
Fig. 5.14 Circumferential Stress in Pipe wall
Using this parameter code indicates that
The flexibility factor = k = 1.65/h
Inplane S.I.F.= i
i
= 0.9/h
2/3
Outplane S.I.F.= I
o
= 0.75/h
2/3
Flexibility Characteristic h = TR
1
/ (r
2
)
2
T=Wall thickness, inches (mm)
R
1
=Mean Radius of bend, inches (mm)
r
2
=Mean radius of pipe wall, inches (mm)
Fig. 5.15
When any problem is analyzed, the following
considerations are made:
a) The Flexibility Factor applies to bending in
any plane.
b) The stress intensification factor is greater for
"inplane" bending than for "outplane
ending. ASME B 31.3 permits the use of
inplane SIF for any plane whereas B 31. 1
does not separate out these two.
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR K AND STRESS
INTENSIFICATION FACTOR
DESCRIPTION FLEXIBILITY
FACTOR
STRESS INTENSIFICATION
FACTOR
FLEXIBILITY
CHARACTERISTIC
OUT PLANE IN-PLANE
Welding
elbow
Closely spaced
mix bend
Single mitre
bend
Welding Tee
as per ANSI
B 16.9
Reinforced fab
Tee with pad
or saddle
Unreinforced
Fabricated
Tee
Extruded
Welding Tee
Welding in
contour insert
Branch welding
on fitting
1.65
1.52
5/6
1.52
5/6
0.75
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
0.9
2/3
3/4 i.o + 1/4
3/4 i.o + 1/4
3/4 i.o + 1/4
3/4 i.o + 1/4
3/4 i.o + 1/4
0.9
2/3
T
(r)
cot
R
1
2
2
u
O T
T
2 (r)
1+cot
2
r
4.4
T
r
(
T
+
1/2
t)
T
r
T
r
(1
+
r
T
r
r
4.4
T
r
3.3
T
r
s
2
2
2
2
r
5/2
3/2
2
2
x
22
2
2
)
Mitre Bends
In case of Mitre Bends an equivalent bend radius is
used in the equation to calculate 'h'. The equivalent
bend radius (Re) is estimated by
) cot / 5 . 0 1 ( Re
2 2
u
r s r
+ =
for closed spaced mitres
) cot 1 ( Re
2
u + =
r
for widely spaced mitres
where,
s = mitre spacing at centerline, inches (mm)
r
2
= mean radius of pipe, inches (mm)
cuts between angle of half one
= u
5.3.3 Tees
The unreinforced fabricated tee is modelled
using same formula for widely spaced miter bend with
single miter i.e. half angle of 45
o.
This produces the
flexibility characteristic of
For buttweld tees, Markyl adapted bend equation with
equivalent radius (Re) and equivalent thickness (Te).
2
/ r T h
=
)
2
Re/ (
2
r Te c h
=
where,
c = ratio of tee to pipe section modulii.
= (Te/T)
3/2
as recommended by ARC Markyl.
Te = Equivalent pipe wall thickness inches (mm)
= 1.60T as recommended by ARC Markyl
Re = Equivalent bending radius inches (mm)
= 1.35 r
2
as recommended by ARC Markyl
Substituting these values in the expression
for h
) / 35 . 1 ( ) / (
2
2
2 / 3
r r Te T Te h
=
2
/ 4 . 4 r T h
=
5.3.4 FLANGES
For flanges also the flexibility factor is 1 and the
various types of flanges are considered to have the
following Stress Intensification Factors.
S I F for Flanges:
Weld neck flange 1.0
Slip-on flange 1.2
Socket weld flange 1.3
Lap joint flange 1.6
Threaded flange 2.3
The flange when attached to the bend exerts a severe
restraint to the flattening of the cross section due to
its heavy construction. Hence attachment of the
flange to an elbow or a mitre bend reduces the
flexibility as well as the stress intensification factor.
Flange at both ends of the elbow reduces these factors
further.
ASME B 31.3 indicates these correction (reduction)
factor as:
C
1
= h
1/6
for one end flanged
C
1
= h
1/3
for both ends flanged
Fig. 5.16
5.3.7 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON SIF AND
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR
In large diameter thin walled elbows and bends,
pressure can significantly affect the Flexibility Factor `k
and Stress Intensification Factor `i. Hence the correction
factor as below should be applied on the values available
from the table.
Divide k by
Divide i by
(
(
(
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
+
1/3
2
1
7/3
2
r
R
T
r
E
P
6 1
(
(
(
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
.
|
\
|
+
2/3
2
1
5/2
2
r
R
T
r
E
P
3.25 1
Where;
(mm) inches radius, Bend R
(KPa) psi , Elasticity of Modulus E
(KPa) psi pressure, Gauge = P
(mm) inches end, matching of radius Mean r
(mm) inches fitting, of thicnkess wall Nominal T
1
2
=
=
=
=
This stiffening effect of pressure on bends are not
considered in ASME B 31.1.
6.0 CODE STRESS EQUATIONS
6.1 ASME B 31.1
ASME B 31.1 specifies under clause 104.8 that
to validate a design under the rules of this clause, the
complete piping system must be analyzed between
anchors for the effects of thermal expansion, weight,
other sustained loads and other occasional loads.
6.1.1 STRESS DUE TO SUSTAINED LOADS
The effects of pressure, weight and other
sustained mechanical load must meet the requirements of
the following equation.
P Do 0.75 i M
A
S
L
= + s S
h
in USCS units
4 t
n
Z
P Do 1000(0.75 i) M
A
S
L
= + s S
h
in SI units
4 t
n
Z
Where;
S
L
= Sum of the longitudinal stresses due to
pressure, weight and other sustained loads,
psi (KPa)
i = Stress intensification factor
(ref. Appendix D-1)
The product 0.75i shall never be taken as less than 1.
M
A
= resultant moment due to weight and
sustained loads, in-lb (mm N)
=
Z = Section Modulus, in
3
(mm
3
)
t
n
= Nominal Thickness, in (mm)
Sh = Basic allowable stress at the operating temp.,
psi (KPa)
2 2 2
z y x
M M M
+ +
6.1.2 THERMAL EXPANSION STRESS RANGE
The effects of thermal expansion must meet the
requirements of the following equation.
i M
c
S
E
= s S
A
+ f (S
h
S
L
) In USCS units
Z
1000 i M
c
S
E
= s S
A +
f (S
h
S
L
) In SI units
Z
Where,
S
E
= Expansion stress range psi (KPa)
M
c
= Range of resultant moments due to thermal
expansion, in- lb (mm N)
S
A
= Allowable stress range (Ref 2.4.3 above) psi
(KPa)
2 2 2
z y x
M M M
+ +
=
6.1.3 STRESS DUE TO OCCASIONAL LOADS.
The effects of pressure, weights, other sustained loads
and occasional loads including earthquake must meet the
requirements of the following equation.
P Do 0.75 i M
A
0.75 i M
B
+ + s KS
h
in USCS units.
4 t
n
Z Z
P Do 1000(0.75 i) M
A
1000(0.75 i) M
B
+ + s KS
h
in SI units.
4 t
n
Z Z
Where,
K = 1.15 for occasional loads acting less than
10% of any 24 hr. operating period.
K = 1.2 for occasional loads acting less than 1%
of any 24 hr. operating period.
MB = Resultant moment loading on cross section
due to occasional loads.
If calculation of moments due to earthquake is
required, use only one half of the earthquake
moment range. Effect of anchor displacement
due to earthquake may be excluded from the
equation if they are covered in Thermal
Expansion stress range calculation.
6.2 ASME B 31.3
6.2.1 ASME B 31.3 does not provide an explicit
equation for sustained stress calculation, but requires
that Piping Engineer should compute the longitudinal
stresses due to weight, pressure and other sustained
loading and ensure that these do not exceed S
h
. The
thickness of pipe used in calculating S
L
shall be the
nominal thickness less the erosion and corrosion
allowance. This is calculated by looking at Clause
302.3.5 (c)
F
ax
(i
i
M
i
)
2
+ (i
o
M
o
)
2
Pdo
S
L
= + + s S
h
in USCS units
A
m
Z 4t
F
ax
1000 [(i
i
M
i
)
2
+ (i
o
M
o
)
2
]
1/2
S
L
= + s S
h
in SI units
Am Z
where,
S
L
= Sum of longitudinal stress due to pressure
weight and other sustained loading, psi KPa)
F
ax
= Axial force due to sustained (primary)
loading, lbs (kg)
A
m
= Metal cross sectional area, in
2
(mm
2
)
M
i
= In-plane bending moment due to sustained
(primary) Loading, in-lb (mmN)
M
o
= Out-plane bending moment due to sustained
(primary) Loading, in-lb (mmN)
i
i
,i
o
= In-plane and out-plane stress intensification
factors
S
h
= Basic allowable stress at the operating
temp., psi (KPa)
6.2.2 THERMAL EXPANSION STRESS RANGE
The computed displacement stress range shall be
done as below (Ref. Clause 319.4.4). The range of
bending and torsional stresses shall be computed
using the as installed.
Modulus of Elasticity E
a
and then combined
as below to determine the computed stress range.
) (mm in Pipe, of Modulus Section Z
N) - (mm lb - in moment, Torsional M
KPa 2z, 1000Mt/
psi 2z, Mt/ = Stress Torsional S
(KPa) psi stress, bending Resultant S
where
S 4 S S
3 3
t
t
b
2
t
2
b E
=
=
=
=
+ =
(b) The resultant bending stress to be used in the above
equation for elbows and full size branch connection
shall be calculated as follows
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
ulusofPipe SectionMod
ngMoment planeBendi out
ngMoment planeBendi in
planeSIF out
planeSIF in
=
=
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
Z
M
M
i
i
where
Z
M i M i 1000
S
Z
M i M i
S
o
i
o
i
2
0 0
2
i i
b
2
0 0
2
i i
b
Fig. 6.1 Moments in Bends
Fig. 6.2 Moments in Tees
For Reducing outlet branch connections, the equation
shall be as follows.
For Header,
( ) ( )
Z
M i M i
S
2
0 0
2
i i
b
+
=
in USCS units
1000 [ (i
i
M
i
)
2
+(i
o
M
o
)
2
]
1/2
S
b
= in SI units.
Z
( ) ( )
branch matching pipe of Thickness b T
nt renforceme of exclusive header or
tee of run matching pipe of Thickness h T
b) T ( ) (i and h T of lesser
, thicnkess l branch wal effective T
radius sectional - cross branch mean r
T r =
branch of modulus section effective Z
stress bending Resultant S
where
Z
M i M i
S
i
s
2
s
2
2
e
b
e
2
0 0
2
i i
b
=
=
=
=
=
=
+
=
For branch connection, the resultant bending stress
needs special care as section modulus Z of header and
branch is different.
For Branch,
6.2.2 STRESS DUE TO OCCASIONAL
LOADS
ASME B 31.3 do not specifically define the
equation for calculating the stresses due to occasional
loads. The code, under clause 302.3.6 only states that the
sum of longitudinal stresses due to sustained and
occasional loads shall not exceed 1.33 times the basic
allowable stress. The method adopted is to calculate the
sustained and occasional stresses independently and to
then add them absolutely.
CAUTION
The pipe thickness has no significant effect on
bending stress due to thermal expansion but it affects end
reaction in direct ratio so overstress cannot be nullified by
increasing the thickness. On the contrary this makes the
matter worse by increasing end reactions.
COMPARISON OF CODES
Based on the above, we can identify the difference in
approach between these two codes
Stress increase due to occasional loads are different in each
code.
Allowable stresses are different for each code.
ASME B 31.3 include Fax in the stress calculation due to
sustained load where as ASME B 31.1 neglects all forces
ASME B 31.3 calculation methods are undefined for sustained
and occasional loads whereas ASME B 31.1 is explicit for the
same.
For calculation of stresses due to sustained loads ASME B31.3
neglects torsion where as ASME B31.1 includes it.
ASME B31.1 intensifies torsion where as ASME B 31.3 does
not.
For simple cantilever, the deflection is given by the
formula
P L
3
y =
3 E I
3 E y I
Hence, P =
L
3
E, y, L remaining the same, P = k I
3E y
where k =
L
3
For 6(150 mm) NB Sch. 40 pipe
I = 1170 cm
4
Z = 139 cm
3
For 6 (150 mm) NB Sch. 80 pipe
I = 1686 cm
4
Z = 200 cm
3
Therefore,
Sch. 40 Sch. 80
Load P 1170 k 1686 k
Moment M 1170 k L 1686 k L
Stress = M/Z 8.4 k L 8.4 k L
Form the above it can be seen that although
the stress remains the same, the forces and moments
increase with the increase in thickness of the pipe.
Where the piping system encounters large end
reactions or detrimental over strain and it lacks
built in changes in the direction to absorb the
same, the Piping Engineer should consider
adding flexibility by one or more of the following
means; addition of bends, loops or offsets, swivel
joints, corrugated pipes, expansion joints or other
means permitting angular, rotational or axial
movements. Suitable anchors shall be provided to
resist the end forces.
8.0 COLD SPRING
Piping Engineer may also provide cold cut or cold
spring to limit the value of stress and moment. Cold
spring is defined by the code ASME B 31.3 under clause
319.2.4 as the intentional deformation of piping during
assembly to produce a desired initial displacement and
stress.
No credit for cold spring is permitted in the stress
range calculation since the service life of a system is
affected more by the range of stress variation than by
magnitude of stress at a given time.
ASME B 31.3 gives the formula for calculation of
maximum reaction or moment when cold spring is
applied to a two anchor piping system in clause
319.5.1 as below.
( )
a
m
m
E
E
c
3
2
1 R R
=
spring cold 100% for 1.0 to spring cold
no for zero from factor spring Cold = c
perature design tem at elasticity of Modulus = E
re tempratu
on installati at elasticity of Modulus = E
. E on based and range stress
nt displaceme full the to ing correspond
analysis y flexibilit from derived
moments or force reaction of Range = R
re. temperatu metal minimum or
maximum at moment or force reaction
maximum ous instantane Estimated = R
where
m
a
a
m
The factor 2/3 is based on experience, which shows that specified
cold spring cannot be fully assured even with elaborate precautions.
The value of reaction forces or moments at the
temperature at which the piping is assembled is
given by :
design temperature at
stress allowable Maximum = S
range stress displacement Computed = S
temperature
installation at the moments or
reaction instantaneous Estimated = R
E S
E S
1 C
greater is whichever R, C or CR = R
h
E
a
m E
a h
1
1 a
=
ASME B 31.1 deals with these factors under the clause
119.9 and 119.10.
The reaction thus computed shall not exceed the limits
which the attached equipment can safely sustain.
The book gives the following formula
The stresses are evaluated from the equation,
3
2
lbs/ sq. inch
K
b
=
8.61 K
t
=
4.35
K
x
=
1.60
K
y
=
0.09
K
z
=
0.57
K
xy
=
1.40
K
xz
=
1.50
K
yz
=
0.40
D/L KC = S
AB = L
1
= 25
BC = L
2
= 10
CD = L
3
= 5
L
1
/L
3
= m = 25/5 =
5
L
2
/L
3
= n = 10/5 = 2
By referring to chart,
we get :
Three Dimensional 90 Turns
3
3
I/L KC = F
I/L KC = M
100 1728
Ec ' inches/100 in Expansion
C
=
2
lbs
ft/lbs
The forces are evaluated from the equation,
Moments are evaluated from the equation,
where C is the expansion factor calculated from the
expression
lbs. 155
5 5
13.3 510 0.57
z
K
z
F Reaction
lbs. 24
5 5
13.3 510 0.09
p
I
C
y
K
y
F Reaction
lbs. 434
5 5
13.3 510 1.6
p
I C
x
K
x
F Reaction
2 5619lbs/in
(1997)2 (3952)2
4St2 Sb2 SE Range Stress Expansion
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ = =
inch sq. / lbs. 1997
5
4.5 510 4.35
3
L
D
C
t
K Stress Torsional
=
=
=
/ L
3
2
/ L
3
2
I
C
p
/ L
3
2
lbs. ft. 543
5
13.3 510 0.4
3
L
p
I
C
yz
K
yz
M Moment
lbs. ft. 2035
5
13.3 510 1.5
3
L
p
I
C
xz
K
xz
M Moment
. . 1899
5
13.3 510 1.4
3
L
p
I
C
xy
K
xy
M Moment
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
lbs ft
For example;
Pipe
size
=
4" std. wt. ASTM A106Gr.B
Operatin
g Temp.
=
450 F
From table
Effective Elbow Diameter
Dr
=
8.78 inch
Effective Elbow Length
Lr
=
4.7 feet
Length of Short Vertical Leg
:
h
=
5'
Length of Long Vertical Leg
:
H
=
25'
Length of horizontal offset
:
W
=
5'
h/H
=
5/25
=
0.20
H/W
=
25/5
=
5.00
From Chart, shape
factor
f
s
=
1.66
Square corner length
=
h + H + W = l = 35.0'
Sum of elbow lengths
=
2 Lr = 2 x 4.7 = 9.4'
Total effective length
=
l + 2 Lr = L = 44.4'
Effective Diameter
length
=
L/Dr = f
1
= 44.4/8.78 = 5.06
From Table 1
Expansion factor f
e
for 450 F = 73,000 psi [This can
also be calculated by the formula Expansion
inches/inch x Youngs Modulus i.e
L e
x f
A =
c
E
For C.S. E
c
= 27.9 x 10
6
Expansion in inches per 100 for C.S. = 3.16 from
Appendix C. ANSI B31.3
psi 73,470
12 100
10 27.9 3.16
f
Hence,
6
e
=
=
( )
( )
A E
A
h
c
A
1
s e
E
S S
psi 29,862
19450 0.25 20,000 1.25 1 S
F 450 at psi 19,450 S
psi 20,000 S
B, Gr. 106 A to CS For
Sh 0.25 Sc 1.25 f S
psi 23948
5.06
1.66 73000
f
f f
S
Range Stress Computed
(
=
+ =
=
=
+ =
=
=
=
RATIO W/U OF LOOP WIDTH ANCHOR DISTANCE (WIDE LOOPS)
99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 85 80 70 60
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
.01 .015 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .50
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
.012
.014
.016
.020
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
.20
.003
.004
.005
.006
.007
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.020
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
.20
.3
.4
.6
.7
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
.5
EFFECTIVE LINE LENGTH
L-U +2H + nL
where n is read from chart
H/U=
H/U=
RATIO W/U OF LOOP WIDTH ANCHOR DISTANCE (NARROW LOOPS)
H W
U
H W
U
H W
U
H W
U
SHAPE FACTOR Fs for SYMMETRICAL EXPANSION LOOPS
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
100
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
.1
.3
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
100
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
.1
.3
EFFECTIVE LINE LENGTH
L=H+h+w + 2L, for Z and U-Bends
=H+w+L, for L-Bends
SHAPE FACTOR/s SHAPE FACTOR/s
.03
.035
.04
.045
.05
.055
.06
.07
.08
.09
.10
.11
.12
.14
.16
.18
.20
.225
.25
.30
.35
.40
.45
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.0
.03
.035
.04
.045
.05
.055
.06
.07
.08
.09
.10
.11
.12
.14
.16
.18
.20
.225
.25
.30
.35
.40
.45
.5
.6
.7
.8
1.0
1.0
1.25
1.5
2
.8
1.0
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
Z - BENDS H
W
L - BEND
RATIO h/H OF SHORTER TO LONGER OF Z-BENDS RATIO h/H OF SHORTER TO LONGER OF U-BENDS
SHAPE FACTOR Fs for Z-, L- and U-BENDS with small H/w-Ratios
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
100
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
.1
.3
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
100
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
.1
.3
Z - BENDS U - BENDS
100
80
60
40
50
30
25
20
15
12.5
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
2.5
1.5
1.25
1
100
80
60
40
50
30
25
20
15
12.5
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
2.5
1.5
1.25
H/w=100
80
60
50
40
30
20
15 10
H/w=100
60
40
30
25
20
15
10
8
6
5
4
3
2.5
2
1.5
1.25
12.5
EFFECTIVE LINE LENGTH
L=H+h+w + 2L, for Z and U-Bends
=H+w+L, for L-Bends
.8
1.0
.7
.8
1.0
1.5
2
.8
1.0
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
RATIO h/H OF SHORTER TO LONGER OF Z-BENDS RATIO h/H OF SHORTER TO LONGER OF U-BENDS
h
w
H
H
W
SHAPE FACTOR Fs for Z-, L- and U-BENDS with small H/w-Ratios
There are computer software available to handle such
complex problems. Some of the software available are :-
1. ADL PIPE
2. AUTOPIPE
3. CAESAR II
4. CAEPIPE
5. PIPEPLUS
6. TRIFLEX
7. Q-FLEX
The pipe line geometry is fed into the system along with
all the parameters such as design temperatures, pipe sizes,
bend radii, type of branch connections, locations of anchor
points and restraints. This is termed as `Modeling the
problem. The model can be generated by anybody who
knows how to prepare the input. The programme executes
the solutions. First complete Analysis was done in the year
1957.The analysis of the solutions is the real engineering
and is the job of a Piping Engineer.
The layout and the design of the piping and its supporting
elements shall be directed towards preventing the
following.
1. Piping stresses in excess of those permitted in
the code.
2. Leakage at joints
3. Excessive thrust and moments on connected
equipment (such as pumps and turbines)
4. Excessive stresses in the supporting (or
restraining) elements.
5. Resonance with imposed fluid induced
vibrations.
6. Excessive interference with thermal
expansion and contraction in a piping
system which is otherwise adequately flexible.
7. Unintentional disengagement of piping
from its supports
8. Excessive piping sag in systems requiring
drainage slope.
9. Excessive distortion or rag of piping (e.g.
thermo plastics) subject to creep under
conditions of repeated thermal cycling.
10. Excessive heat flow, exposing supporting
elements to temperature extremes outside
their design limits.
Fig. 11.1
Fig. 11.2
Fig. 11.3
LINE NO. PA24-6207-GL301(J)-40-IH2
ITEM SIZE QTY. REMARK
S
T
U
D
/
B
O
L
T
S
P
E
C
IA
L
V
A
L
V
E
T
E
E
E
Q
/R
E
D
R
E
D
U
C
E
R
E
C
C
/C
C
N
C
G
A
S
K
E
T
R
E
D
U
C
-
T
IN
G
F
L
A
N
G
E
E
L
B
O
W
4
5
/9
0
P
IP
E40NBx600L
40NB
150x40
150NB
80NB
40NB
80x40
80x40
40NB
80
40
40
M20x100
M16x90
M12x70
MI2x70
2
1
1
1
3
12
1
1
2
1
3
1
8
12
48
4
8F31TL
8F31TL
S031TL(SFI)
M/C
BOLTS
M/C
BOLTS
M/C
BOLTS
STUD
NOTE : FLANGE DRILLINGAS PER
DIN 2673 P
LINE NO. PA24-5611-GL301(J)-200-IH3
S
T
U
D
B
O
L
T
GASKET
P
IP
IE
E
L
B
O
W
9
0
IN
S
T
R
U
M
E
N
T
T
E
E
ITEM SIZE QTY. REMARK
VALVE
LINE NO. PA24-5611-GL301(J)-80-IH2
S
T
U
D
B
O
L
T
GASKET
E
L
B
O
W
4
5
/9
0
T
E
E
E
Q
/R
E
D
ITEM
VALVE
SPECIAL
BILL OF MATERIAL
20NBx2000L
200NBx600L
200NBx1800L
200NB
200NBx50NB
200NBx25NB
200NB
M20x100
25
ITEM SIZE
S
T
U
D
B
O
L
T
G
A
S
K
E
T
R
E
D
U
C
E
R
C
O
N
C
/E
C
C
LINE NO. PA24-5623-GL301-100-IH3
150x100
150NB
100NB
M20x100
M16x90
SIZE
30
40
40NB
80x40
40NB
80NB
40NB
80
M16x90
M12x70
LINE NO. PA24-6657-GL301(J)-40-IH2
NUT/
BOLT
GASKET
ELBOW
45/90
R
E
D
U
C
E
R
C
O
N
C
/E
C
C
ITEM
VALVE
SPECIAL
SIZE
P
IP
E40NBx500L
40NBx1000L
80NB
80x40
40NB
80NB
40
40
M12x90
M12x70
SPEC. GL301
3
1
1
1
1
1
10
80
1
PT101 SPEC
PT101 SPEC
PTFE ENVELOPED WITH STEEL
INSERT
BF31TL
QTY. REMARK
1
1
1
1
1
CONC
M/C BOLTS
M/C BOLTS
QTY. REMARK
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
1
24
8F 31TL
8F 31TL
90ELL
SG31TL
M/C BOLTS
M/C BOLTS
QTY. REMARK
1
1
2
1
7
1
1
1
4
28
SG31TL (SFI)
BF31TL
M/C BOLTS
M/CBOLTS
REFRENCE DWG. NO
BP 1015-PO-3501
BP 1015-PO-3502
BP 1015-PO-3506
BP 1015-PO-3407
BP 1015-FI-1436/0
BP 1015-FI-142 DRAFT
CL
R
-
4
4
0
3
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
8
0
0
2
8
0
P
A
2
4
-
8
6
1
1
-
C
L
3
0
1
(
J
)
-
2
0
0
-
IH
3
8
0
9
1
2
7
0
2
0
3
1
0
5
1
0
5
3
0
5
0
0
3
2
1
6
5
1
0
5
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT AT 106.000M
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT AT 112.000M
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT AT SEC 'B-B'
PIPINGLAYOUT
P&L DIAGRAM NO.
P&L DIAGRAM NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
CL
H
-
4
4
0
1
CL
X
-
4
4
0
1
CL
T
-
4
4
0
4
CL
R
-
4
4
0
1
CL
T
-
4
4
0
1
1
6