Since, number of possible states that correspond to the quantum number n is 2n

2
.
For n = 1: Thus the number of states of energy E
1
is g(E
1
)=2(1)
2
= 2;
For n = 2: The number of states of energy E
2
is g(E
2
) =2(2)
2
= 8;
[A.Beiser 1] At what temperature would one in a thousand of the atoms in a gas of
atomic hydrogen be in the n = 2 energy level?

Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
1
2
( )
( )
n E A
n E
=
1
/
1
( )
B
E k T
g E e
A

1 2
2
( )/
1
/
2 2
( )
( ) ( )
B
B
E E k T
E k T
g E
e
g E g E e

=
4
11.82 10
1000 2
1 8
T
e

=
The result is
( )
19 4
1 2
23
10.2 1.6 10 11.82 10
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T T T

= =

The ground-state energy is E

1
= 13.6 eV, E
2
= 3.4 eV and E
1
E
2
= 10.2 eV, so
( )
4
11.82 10
ln 4000
T

=
( )
4 4
11.82 10 11.82 10
14251
ln 4000 8.294
T K

= = =
[A.Beiser 2] The temperature in part of the suns atmosphere is 5000 K. Find the
relative numbers of hydrogen atoms in this region that are in the n = 1, 2, 3, and 4
energy levels. Be sure to take into account the multiplicity of each level.
Since, number of possible states that correspond to the quantum number n is 2n
2
.
g(E
1
)=2(1)
2
= 2; g(E
2
) =2(2)
2
= 8; g(E
3
) =2(3)
2
= 18; g(E
4
) =2(4)
2
= 32;
Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
1 2
( )/
1 1
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
B
E E k T
n E g E
e
n E g E

=
23.64 9
1
2
( ) 2
4.6 10
( ) 8
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 2
23
10.2 1.6 10
23.64
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T

= =

E
1
= 13.6 eV, E
2
= 3.4 eV, E
3
= 1.51 eV, E
4
= 0.85eV,
and E
1
E
2
= 10.2 eV, E
1
E
3
= 12.1 eV, E
1
E
4
= 12.75 eV,
28.05 11
1
3
( ) 2
1.69 10
( ) 18
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 3
23
12.1 1.6 10
28.05
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T

= =

29.56 11
1
4
( ) 2
4.3 10
( ) 32
n E
e
n E
= =
( )
19
1 4
23
12.75 1.6 10
29.56
5000
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T

= =

[A.Beiser 3] The 3
2
P
1/2
first excited state in sodium is 2.093 eV above the 3
2
S
1/2

ground state. Find the ratio between the numbers of atoms in each state in sodium
vapor at 1200 K.
Solution: (a) The ratio between the numbers of atoms in the n = 1 and n = 2 states is
( )
19
1 2
23
2.093 1.6 10
20
1200
1.38 10 B
E E J
k T

= =

1 2
( )/ 20 8
1
2
( ) 2
1.6 10
( ) 6
B
E E k T
S
P
n g E
e e
n g E

= = =
[A.Beiser 4] The frequency of vibration of the H
2
molecule is 1.32 x10
14
Hz. (a)
Find the relative populations of the = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 vibrational states at 5000
K. (b) Can the populations of the = 2 and = 3 states ever be equal? If so, at
what temperature does this occur?
1
2
E n hv
| |
= +
|
\ .
0 1 2 1 3 2 4 3
E E E E E E E E hv = = = =
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
32 14
( )/ /
1 1
23
2 2
2
0 3 2
1 3 4
6.62 10 . 1.32 10
( ) ( )
exp
( ) ( ) 5000
1.38 10
( ) ( ) ( )
1.266 10
( ) ( ) ( )
B B
E E k T h k T
J s Hz
n E g E
e e
n E g E
n E n E n E
n E n E n E
v

| |

|
= = =
|

\ .
= = = =
For a one-dimensional oscillator the degeneracy of each state is 1.
For n(E
2
) = n(E
3
),
3 2 2
3 3 2
( )
1 exp
( )
B B
E n E E
n E k T k T
(
= =
(

3 2
3 2
E E
T T
=
Since degeneracy of each state is same, populations of the = 2 and = 3
states will never be equal at one temperature. For different temperatures,
[A.Beiser 8] Show that the average kinetic energy per molecule at room
temperature (20C) is much less than the energy needed to raise a hydrogen
atom from its ground state to its first excited state.
Solution: The average kinetic energy per molecule at room temperature
(20C) is
( )
( )
21
23
2
21 19
3 3
293 6.06 10
1.38 10
2 2
9.7 10
6.06 10 1.6 10
kT J
eV eV

= =

= =

Energy needed to raise a hydrogen atom from its ground state to its first
excited state is 10.2 eV
E
1
= 13.6 eV, E
2
= 3.4 eV and E
1
E
2
= 10.2 eV,
[A.Beiser 10] Show that the de Broglie wavelength of an oxygen molecule
in thermal equilibrium in the atmosphere at 20C is smaller than its diameter
of about 4 x 10
10
m.
Solution: The average kinetic energy per molecule at room temperature
(20C) is
( )
( )
21
23
2
21 19
3 3
293 6.06 10
1.38 10
2 2
9.7 10
6.06 10 1.6 10
B
E k T J
eV eV

= = =

= =

31 21 5 1
2 2 9.1 10 6.06 10 10.5 10 p mE kg J kg m s

= = =
Corresponding momentum is
The de Broglie wavelength is
34
30
5
6.62 10
6.3 10
10.5 10
h
m
p

= = =

which is smaller than its diameter of about 4 x 10

10
m.
[A.Beiser 15] At the same temperature, will a gas of classical molecules, a gas of
bosons, or a gas of fermions exert the greatest pressure? The least pressure? Why?
( ) ( ) ( ) n E g E f E =
The no. of particles having energy E is
given by the relation,
If we consider g(E) to be same in all the cases, then n(E) is determined by f(E).
From the fig. it can be seen that it is largest for BE and least for FD.

Hence the pressure exerted will also follow the same order as the pressure is
created by the bombardment of these particles on the wall of container.
[A.Beiser 17] How many independent standing waves with wavelengths between
9.5 and 10.5 mm can occur in a cubical cavity 1 m on a side? How many with
wavelengths between 99.5 and 100.5 mm? (Hint: First show that g()d =
8tL
3
d/
4
.)
[A.Beiser 18] If a red star and a white star radiate energy at the same rate,
can they be the same size? If not, which must be the larger?
Solution: The red star emits less energy than a white star. So in order to
release the same amount of energy at the same rate, the red star would have
to be larger than the white.

The red star must be cooler than the white one, so if it is to radiate energy at
the same rate, it must have a larger surface area and hence a larger size.
4
Power output
surface area
R e T o = =
3
max
2.898 10 m-K
4.965
hc
T
k

= =
[A.Beiser 23] An object is at a temperature of 400C. At what temperature would it
radiate energy twice as fast?
4
R T
Since,
For, R 2R; T 2
1/4
T
[A.Beiser 29] Considering the sun as a blackbody at 6000 K, estimate the
proportion of its total radiation that consists of yellow light between 570 and
590 nm.
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
3 3
/ 3 3
8 8
u u( )d
1 1
B
x
B
h k T x
x
h h x k T
d dx
c e c e
h
v v
v
v v
t v t
v v v
| |
= = =
|

\ .
} } }
B
h
x
k T
v
= where
( )
( )
4
3 2
3
2
5
3 6 6
4
1
1
x
x
x
x e
x x x
x
dx
e
e
+
+
=

}
2
/ 570 v c nm =
1
/ 590 v c nm =
Radiation between and + d , is
/ 5
1
u( )d 8
1
B
hc k T
h
c d
e

t

where = (570 + 590)/2 and d = 590 570 = 20nm

OR