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5 Intermolecular Forces
Recognise the different kinds of IMFs. Describe how IMFs take place. Relate physical properties of materials to IMFs.
Types of Bonds
CHEMICAL (Strong bonds)
Ionic Covalent (+ dative covalent) Metallic
Induced dipoles (London Forces) permanent dipoles Instantaneous dipoles hydrogen bonds
Definitions
Intermolecular Forces are the forces of attraction between molecules. Dipole is created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short distance. The force of attraction between two polar molecules is known as a DipoleDipole Force.
in any liquid or solid there are bonds between molecules. Called intermolecular bonds. Intermolecular bonds need to be broken for a substance to melt or boil. The stronger the bonds, more energy is needed to break them. (resulting in higher melting and boiling temps)
Smaller atoms exert more pull on bonding electrons as the nucleus is closer. When different atoms are bonded the pull on electrons is determined by the relative core charges of the atoms.
Hydrogen Halides
The hydrogen halides are colourless gases at room temperature, producing steamy fumes in moist air.
HCl
polar
HCl
- +
HCl
polar molecules
Dipole - Dipole Interactions
If other molecules are close to a molecule with a dipole these may cause an effect and produce an induced dipole.
Because:
-Chains are long -Can pack closely together -Therefore lots of bonds
Quick Questions
Would you expect xenon or krypton to have the higher boiling point?
Xenon more electrons, so instantaneous dipole induced dipole larger, more energy is needed to pull xenon atoms apart.
Hydrogen bonds
A strong intermolecular force it is NOT a bond!
In a hydrogen bond atoms held together because nuclei are both attracted to the bonding pair.
Large dipole between a small hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom (such as O, F or N)
a higher than expected viscosity. (glycerol x3 OH groups) are often soluble in water (H-bond between H20 and substance) helps fibres absorb water (wool O and N atoms H-bond to water)
HF HCl HBr HI
Explain the trend in boiling points of the Hydrogen Halides, HCl HI Why does HF have a higher than expected value.
HF HCl HBr HI
Explain the trend in boiling points of the Hydrogen Halides, HClHCl HI Down the group HI: the atomic radius increases and the
surface area increases so there is more area for more IMF forces to form. Also HI has the strongest induced dipole forces because it has the greatest number of electrons, thus requiring more energy to break and have a higher boiling point.
Why HF because have a ithigher than to expected value. HF is does a lot higher has the ability hydrogen bond
which is a much stronger intermolecular force.
Trends
increasing surface area = increasing boiling point Increasing Molecular/Atomic mass = increasing boiling point
Volatility
Alcohols have higher boiling points (less volatile) than their corresponding alkane. Why?
As well as the IMF that form between both alcohols and alkanes, alcohols can form hydrogen bonds. The electronegative oxygen can hydrogen bond to the partially positive hydrogen of near by molecule.