HP 13 Win

How to Use This Presentation
To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select View on the menu bar and click on Slide Show. To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lessons presentation.
You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Sample Problems
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Forces In Fluids
Table of Contents
Section 1 Fluid Pressure
Section 2 Forces and Pressure In Fluids
Section 3 Buoyancy
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Objectives
Describe and calculate the pressure exerted by a fluid. Identify appropriate SI units for measuring pressure. Describe the relationship between water depth and the pressure it exerts. Describe how forces from pressure are distributed at a given level in a fluid. Explain how altitude affects air pressure.
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Defining a Fluid
A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or a liquid. Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because they can flow and change shape.
Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Pressure
Pressure is the magnitude of the force on a surface per unit area. F P A force pressure = area
Measured in units of N/m2
One N/m2 is equal to 1 Pascal (Pa)
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Pressure in fluids
Pressure at any given depth in a fluid is constant and is exerted equally in all directions. Pressure is a scalar quantity no direction Pressure in a non-moving fluid is determined by type of fluid and the depth Pressure does not depend on volume, shape, or weight of the fluid
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Pressure
Pressure varies with depth in a fluid.

The pressure in a fluid increases with depth.
P P0 gh absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure +
density free-fall acceleration depth

Chapter menu Resources
Chapter 13
Fluid Pressure as a Function of Depth
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Air Pressure and the Atmosphere

Air is a fluid and will also exert pressure on objects in it. We are at the bottom of a body of fluid, the atmosphere, that reaches from the Earths surface to outer space Weight of a column of air at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch of area This is equivalent to 1.01x105Pa labeled Po Air pressure decreases with altitude as less air is above each square inch
Chapter 13 Air Pressure
Popping of ears when you go up in an elevator or fly in a plane is due to imbalance in pressure between the outside and internal body pressure Outside pressure changes more quickly than internal pressure Creates a pressure difference Inside of our bodies have pressure that balances the air pressure balanced forces result in net force of zero Need for decompression when diving
Chapter 13 Objectives
Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids
Describe how pressure is transmitted in a fluid according to Pascals Principle Explain how a hydraulic system works to change a force Explain how the speed and pressure of a fluid are related according to Pascals Principle
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid

Fluid exerts pressure equally in all directions Amount of pressure depends on depth and type of fluid What happens if you add additional pressure to a fluid at one point in a closed system? Pressure added by applying a force over an area Pressure will increase equally throughout the fluid
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Pascals Principle
Pascals principle states that pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container. Fluid pressure is not the same within a closed container but increases with depth Additional pressure added equally to existing pressures
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Pascals Principle
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Hydraulic Systems
The science of applying Pascals Principle Use pressurized fluid acting on pistons of different sizes to change a force Gives user a mechanical advantage Force out is greater than force in to system In a hydraulic system an increased output force is obtained by a constant fluid pressure acting on a larger output area
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Bernoullis Principle
As the speed of a fluid decreases, the pressure the fluid exerts increases Many applications Explains how airplanes fly upward force of lift is created by air moving faster over the top of a wing which has a longer side on top Explains how spray bottles work Basis for vacuum cleaners and pumps impeller blades move fluid faster to create a low pressure
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 8
Section 3 Fluids in Motion
Principles of Fluid Flow

The continuity equation results from conservation of mass. Continuity equation A1v1 = A2v2 Area speed in region 1 = area speed in region 2
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Principles of Fluid Flow

The speed of fluid flow depends on crosssectional area. Bernoullis principle states that the pressure in a fluid decreases as the fluids velocity increases.
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Bernoullis Principle
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Buoyant Force
Section 3 Buoyancy
The upward force exerted on an object in a fluid whether partially immersed or totally immersed Acts in a direction opposite to gravity Results in an apparent loss of weight of an object in a fluid Water pressure increases with depth so the bottom of object has greater pressure hence force than the top of object Pressure on the sides cancel each other Imbalance of pressure creates upward force
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Density and Buoyant Force

The concentration of matter of an object is called the mass density.
Mass density is measured as the mass per unit volume of a substance. m V mass mass density volume
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Mass Density
Section 3 Buoyancy
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Density and Buoyant Force, continued

The buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a liquid on an object immersed in or floating on the liquid. Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Buoyant Force and Archimedes Principle
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Displaced Volume of a Fluid
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle
Archimedes principle describes the magnitude of a buoyant force.
Archimedes principle: Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. FB = Fg (displaced fluid) = mfg
magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Buoyant Force on Floating Objects
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13 Buoyant Force
Section 3 Buoyancy
Floating object means FB =FG Sinking object means FG>FB
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 13
Section 3 Buoyancy
Density and Buoyant Force

For a floating object, the buoyant force equals the objects weight.
The apparent weight of a submerged object depends on the density of the object. For an object with density O submerged in a fluid of density f, the buoyant force FB obeys the following ratio: Fg (object ) O FB f
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued

1. How many times greater than the lifting force must the force applied to a hydraulic lift be if the ratio of the area where pressure is applied to the lifted area is 1/7 ? F. 1/49 G. 1/7 H. 7 J. 49
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 8

1. How many times greater than the lifting force must the force applied to a hydraulic lift be if the ratio of the area where pressure is applied to the lifted area is 1/7 ? F. 1/49 G. 1/7 H. 7 J. 49
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 8

2. A typical silo on a farm has many bands wrapped around its perimeter, as shown in the figure below. Why is the spacing between successive bands smaller toward the bottom? A. to provide support for the silos sides above them B. to resist the increasing pressure that the grains exert with increasing depth C. to resist the increasing pressure that the atmosphere exerts with increasing depth D. to make access to smaller quantities of grain near the ground possible
Chapter 8

2. A typical silo on a farm has many bands wrapped around its perimeter, as shown in the figure below. Why is the spacing between successive bands smaller toward the bottom? A. to provide support for the silos sides above them B. to resist the increasing pressure that the grains exert with increasing depth C. to resist the increasing pressure that the atmosphere exerts with increasing depth D. to make access to smaller quantities of grain near the ground possible
Chapter 8

3. A fish rests on the bottom of a bucket of water while the bucket is being weighed. When the fish begins to swim around in the bucket, how does the reading on the scale change? F. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to increase. G. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to decrease. H. The buoyant force on the fish is exerted downward on the bucket, causing the scale reading to increase. J. The mass of the system, and so the scale reading, will remain unchanged.
Chapter 8

3. A fish rests on the bottom of a bucket of water while the bucket is being weighed. When the fish begins to swim around in the bucket, how does the reading on the scale change? F. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to increase. G. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to decrease. H. The buoyant force on the fish is exerted downward on the bucket, causing the scale reading to increase. J. The mass of the system, and so the scale reading, will remain unchanged.
Chapter 8 Short Response
4. Will an ice cube float higher in water or in mercury? Explain your answer.
Chapter menu
Resources
Chapter 8
Short Response, continued

4. Will an ice cube float higher in water or in mercury? Explain your answer.
Answer: mercury; because the density of mercury is greater than that of water
Chapter menu
Resources

HP 13 Win

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HP 13 Win

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

How to Use This Presentation

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Standardized Test Prep

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 Defining a Fluid

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

One N/m2 is equal to 1 Pascal (Pa)

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Pressure varies with depth in a fluid.

density free-fall acceleration depth

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Fluid Pressure as a Function of Depth

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Air Pressure and the Atmosphere

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 Air Pressure

Section 1 Fluid Pressure

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 3 Fluids in Motion

Principles of Fluid Flow

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Principles of Fluid Flow

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 Buoyant Force

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Density and Buoyant Force

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13 Mass Density

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Density and Buoyant Force, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Buoyant Force and Archimedes Principle

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Displaced Volume of a Fluid

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Buoyant Force on Floating Objects