Basics of Fluid Mechanics

There are three phases of Density how close matter:

together the molecules are
Liquids

Solids

Gas

Molecules close together

Molecules spread out further

Molecules spread far apart

To determine the mass density () of a substance, you must divide the mass of the substance by the volume it occupies:
unit: kg/m3 (but is commonly measured in g/cm3)

m V

for aluminum 2700 kg/m3 or 2.70 g/cm3 mass can be written as m = V and weight as mg = Vg

We can determine an objects mass by using a scale.

750 g

Different objects have different volumes:

Density does not depend on the amount of the substance.

The density of this block is 16 g/cm3

If it is cut in half, what happens to the density?

Density of block is 16 g/cm3

Density of block is 16 g/cm3

CHANGING DENSITY???
You can change an objects density by: 1. Increasing/decreasing its mass 2. Increasing/decreasing its volume

m V

Definition of Pressure
Pressure is defined as the amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance:

force F P 2 area m

Units for Pressure

Unit 1 pascal (Pa) 1 bar 1 torr 760 mm Hg 14.696 pounds per sq. in. (psi) Definition or Relationship 1 kg m-1 s-2 1 x 105 Pa 1 / 760 atm 1 atm 1 atm

1 atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa

Pascals Laws
Pascals laws: Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small volume (point) of a fluid In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure acts perpendicular to the boundary.

Pipe or tube

Furnace duct

Dam

This beach ball floats. Why?

Because the Buoyant Force is greater than the weight of the ball.

Which one is easier to pick up? Why?

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
The buoyant force acting on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.
= ()( )( )

Mass = 90 kg

Mass = 90 kg

WHICH ONE IS MORE LIKELY TO FLOAT?

 = ()( )( )
= 9.81 2 4 3 1.0 3 7.85 3

= 268.794

 = ()( )( )
= 9.81 2 400 3 1.0 3 7.85 3

= 26879.4

Liquids & Gases are BOTH Fluids

They follow the same mechanical laws What are two ways that we can increase the density of a gas (such as air)? Increase the amount of air inside of a container of fixed size Decrease the size of a container, but leave the amount of air inside of it the same

BOYLES LAW

Pressure x volume for a gas = different pressure x different volume of the same sample at some later time (so long as the temperature remains the same).

Why is it so hard to hike up to the top of a very high mountain???

1 atm =

PASCALS PRINCIPLE
A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted (at the same magnitude) to all points within that fluid.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AGAIN (but this time in a gas)

An object surrounded by air is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air displaced.

How do airplanes stay up in the air???????

BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE

BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
Where the speed of a fluid (liquid or gas) increases, internal pressure in the fluid decreases.