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Offshore Corrosion
Corrosion: Based on the Latin word corrodere = to gnaw
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Electrode Potentials
CATHODIC PROTECTION
PRINCIPLE:
The material to be protected is supplied with an external cathodic current The electrochemical potential of the protected material is moved in a negative direction to the immune area
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Pourbaix Diagram
ELEKTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Corrosion of FE:
a) Fe2+ + 2 e- = Fe b) Fe3O4 + 8 H+ + 8 e- = 3 Fe + 4 H2O c) Fe3O4 + 8 H+ + 2 e- = 3 Fe 2+ + 4 H2O d) Fe2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e- = 2 Fe 2+ + 3 H2O e) O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2O f) 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
Sacrificial Anodes
Galvanic coupling to sacrificial anodes made of Al-alloy or Zinc Impressed Current Use of source for direct current (DC) and none corroding anodes
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Cathodic Protection
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Robust system, reduced maintenance Used on every platform on the Norwegian continental shelf Limited driving voltage (0.25 V)
More anodes necessary for protection More anodes necessary for securing long operating time
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Advantages:
IMPRESSED CURRENT
Disadvantages:
Need for/recommended protection shield around the anodes Need for maintenance
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St eel
ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS
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CATHODIC PROTECTION
Anodic reactions: Zn = Zn2+ + 2eAl = Al3+ + 3e2 H2O = 4 H+ + 4OHO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- = 2 H2O ---------------------------------O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- = 4OH-
Cathodic reactions:
2 H+ + 2 e- = H2 (g)
Anode and cathode reactions are always balanced, i.e congestion of electrons does not exist
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Demand for current: vary with O2 in the electrolyte solubility flow velocity temperature construction geometry geographical site
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CATHODIC PROTECTION
The most commonly used sacrifical anode materials are: Al-Zn-In Zn Mg
Magnesium relatively expensive
low capacity of current because of high selfcorrosion may cause overprotection short operating time Often used where the electrolyte has low conductivity
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Zinc:
classical anode material low driving voltage (230 mV) low capacity of current results in high weight of anodes (780 A/kg) temperature limits < 40 Co Often used on subsea piplines and constructions buried in mud
Aluminium:
has to be alloyed otherwise it is passive high capacity of current (2500 Ah/kg) long operating time saves weight high driving voltage Al-Zn-In anodes most commonly used offshore
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PRACTICAL CP DESIGN
where will the construction be placed? what kind of environmental parameters should be taken into account (temp.,res.) areas to protect operating lifetime what kind of design standards should be used (DnV, NORSOK, NACE) what demand for current is expected will the construction be protected by coating, if so, what kind of coating degradation mechanisms for coating (Coating Breakdown) possible current drainage to e.g. wells, poles, other structure influence from other structures, pipelines etc. 24
AVERAGE CURRENT:
Demand for current to maintain a safe protection potential after polarization of the structure. Used to calculate necessary anode weight.
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Time
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Reduces the requirement of current Lowers anode weight Easier to achieve good current distribution
and consequent protection of the entire structure
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Anode data: - anode material - anode type and dimensions - calculate anode weight, Wa (kg) - calculate anode resistance, Ra (ohm) - calculate driving voltage, DE, (mV) - calculate anode current output, Ia (A)
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CP DESIGN
Current requirement:
= i * Area
= I*L*8760 C*U = DE Ra = Voluma*d
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Ia
Anode weight:
Wa
REQUIREMENT OF ANODES
Calculate necessary number of anodes to meet the current requirement (initial and final current):
N1 = I Ia
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Calculate necessary number of anodes to meet the anode weight requirement for the total operating lifetime: N2 = W Wa
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