Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations (2.5, 8.

5)
Dr. Holbert February 6, 2006

ECE201 Lect-6

Introduction
For analysis, series resistors/impedances can be replaced by an equivalent resistor/ impedance. Parallel resistors/impedances can be replaced by an equivalent resistor/ impedance.

ECE201 Lect-6

Introduction
Complicated networks of resistors/ impedances can be replaced by a single equivalent resistor/impedance.

ECE201 Lect-6

Equivalent Resistance
i(t) +

i(t)
+ Req v(t)

v(t)

Req is equivalent to the resistor network on the left in the sense that they have the same i-v characteristics.
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Equivalent Resistance
The rest of the circuit cannot tell whether the resistor network or the equivalent resistor is connected to it. The equivalent resistance cannot be used to find voltages or currents internal to the resistor network.

ECE201 Lect-6

Equivalent Impedance
I +

I
+ Zeq V

Zeq is equivalent to the network on the left in the sense that they have the same phasor I-V characteristics at the frequency w.
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Series Resistance
R1 R2 Req

R3

Req = R1 + R2 + R3
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Series
Two elements are in series if the current that flows through one must also flow through the other.
Series
R1 R2

Not Series
R1 R2
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Series Impedance
Z1 Z2 Z3 Zeq

Zeq = Z1 + Z2 + Z3
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Example: Series Inductors

What is the equivalent impedance of two series inductors?

L1

L2

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Series Inductors
The equivalent impedance is Zeq = Z1 + Z2 = jw(L1+L2) Two inductors in series are equivalent to a single inductor whose inductance is the sum of the two inductances. Zeq = jw(L1+L2) = jwLeq

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Parallel Resistance
R1 R2 R3 Req

1 1 1 1 Req R1 R2 R3
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Parallel
Two elements are in parallel if they are connected between (share) the same two (distinct) end nodes.
R1 R2 R1 R2
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Parallel

Not Parallel

Parallel Impedance
Z1 Z2 Z3 Zeq

1 1 1 1 Z eq Z1 Z 2 Z 3
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Example: Parallel Capacitors

What is the equivalent impedance of two parallel capacitors?

C1

C2

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Parallel Capacitors
The equivalent impedance is 1 1 1 jw C1 jw C2 Z eq Z1 Z 2

1 Z eq jw C1 C2 Two capacitors in parallel are equivalent to a single capacitor whose capacitance is the sum of the two capacitances.
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Flash Example: Ladder Network

Find the equivalent resistance by making combinations of series and parallel resistors until only one resistor is left.
1kW 1kW

2kW

2kW

1kW

1kW

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Example #1: Bandpass Filter

10W 769pF 159mH

For w = 2.86 106, find the equivalent impedance.

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Compute Impedances
10W -j455W j455W

Now combine series impedances

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Bandpass Filter
10W j455W 455.1W 88.7

-j455W

Now combine parallel impedances

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Bandpass Filter
j 455 10 j 455 20 .7kW 1.3 j 455 10 j 455

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Example #2: Loaded Bandpass Filter

10W 769pF 159mH 50kW

For w = 2.86 106, find the equivalent impedance.

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E2.12 Learning Extension E2.13
Learning Extension E8.10

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